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Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
Cartilage tissue is of utmost importance for bone tissue biology and development. It is present in human body joints, nose, bronchial tubes, ears and intervertebral disks, being also essential for endochondral ossification and fracture regeneration. The flexible articular cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves, composed by so-called chondroblasts (cells that produce the extracellular matrix) and the chondrocytes (chodroblasts caught in the matrix) laying in spaces called lacunae. Water fills approximately 70% of all cartilage matrices. The extracellular matrix is mainly composed of proteoglycans (15% to 40% of the dry weight) and type II collagen (40% to 70% of the dry weight), however there are other types of collagen in articular cartilage. The hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent type of cartilage found in human body. It can be identified in articular surfaces, anterior end of the ribs, tracheal rings and growth plates (nonmineralized region of growth near the end of developing bones). The elastic cartilage forms the external ear, epiglottis and Eustachian tubes, presenting great elasticity; and the fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks and tendon-bone attachments.
Advances in Hip Arthroscopy
Published in K. Mohan Iyer, Hip Joint in Adults: Advances and Developments, 2018
To evaluate an image (Table 12.3) it is critical to confirm that the X-ray was properly taken and the patient was in an appropriate position. In particular, the tilt and rotation of the pelvis should be known precisely during evaluation of an anteroposterior hip radiograph. In a standard anteroposterior hip radiograph, the coccyx and symphysis pubis should be in a straight line and positioned in the middle line of the image and both sides of the iliac wings and obturator foramina should be symmetric, while the distance between the superior border of the pubic symphysis and the tip of the coccyx should be between 1 and 3 cm. In addition, the greater and lesser trochanters should be clearly distinguishable. Various lateral hip radiographs have specific advantages and limitations.
Structure and Function of Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Although joints vary by structure and function (Figure 1.4), they can be classified by the range of movement and the tissue connecting the bones (Figure 1.5). Structurally, joints can be classified by the type of connective tissue present, either fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or no direct connection. Joints connected by fibrous connective tissue (fibrous joints) include the sutures of the bones of the skull, the syndesmosis of the radius/ulna and fibula/tibia, and the gomphosis of the tooth and socket. Except for the syndesmosis, which permits movement, the fibrous joints permit little to no movement and functionally are classified as synarthrosis joint types. Joints connected by cartilaginous tissues (hyaline or fibrocartilage) may be further subdivided into synchondrosis and symphysis joints. Synchondrosis joints (with the exception of the joint of the first rib and sternum) are present during skeletal maturation as growth plates. This offers minimal movement and is later replaced with bone. Symphysis joints, such as the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis, generally allow some movement (amphiarthrosis) and are permanent structures. Anatomically, these are composed of hyaline cartilage separated by a fibrocartilage disc (Gray et al. 1980).
Does inside passing contribute to the high incidence of groin injuries in soccer? A biomechanical analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Thomas Dupré, Johannes Funken, Ralf Müller, Kristian R. L. Mortensen, Filip Gertz Lysdal, Markus Braun, Hartmut Krahl, Wolfgang Potthast
In soccer, kicking and inside passing are the central actions of the game (Rahnama, Reilly, & Lees, 2002). Both require a high range of motion in the hip joint and, due to its highly repetitive nature, stress applied onto the musculoskeletal structures might accumulate. A higher amount of injuries to the adductor muscles has been found in the dominant leg, which is presumably used more often for kicking and passing, compared to the non-dominant leg (Hägglund, Waldén, & Ekstrand, 2013; Hölmich, Thorborg, Dehlendorff, Krogsgaard, & Gluud, 2014). Charnock et al. (2009) and Hölmich et al. (2014) proposed, that high eccentric muscle loads in the swing phase of the kick exert high stresses on the adductor muscles. This might affect not only strains in the adductor muscles, but also the development of osteitis pubis (Hiti et al., 2011), as the stress is transferred to the pubic symphysis.