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Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
Cartilage tissue is of utmost importance for bone tissue biology and development. It is present in human body joints, nose, bronchial tubes, ears and intervertebral disks, being also essential for endochondral ossification and fracture regeneration. The flexible articular cartilage contains no blood vessels or nerves, composed by so-called chondroblasts (cells that produce the extracellular matrix) and the chondrocytes (chodroblasts caught in the matrix) laying in spaces called lacunae. Water fills approximately 70% of all cartilage matrices. The extracellular matrix is mainly composed of proteoglycans (15% to 40% of the dry weight) and type II collagen (40% to 70% of the dry weight), however there are other types of collagen in articular cartilage. The hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent type of cartilage found in human body. It can be identified in articular surfaces, anterior end of the ribs, tracheal rings and growth plates (nonmineralized region of growth near the end of developing bones). The elastic cartilage forms the external ear, epiglottis and Eustachian tubes, presenting great elasticity; and the fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks and tendon-bone attachments.
Computerized Automation and Controls in Meat Processing
Published in Gauri S. Mittal, Computerized Control Systems in the Food Industry, 2018
A commercial company, Auto Meat [4], has developed a machine for automatically sealing the rectum and separating it from the surrounding tissue. This is referred to as “fat end loosening.” The machine initially positions the carcass. An extendible arm with a severing device at the end locates the anus and separates the rectum from the body. A second device also located at the end of the arm cleans the rectum using a combined rinsing and sucking action. Another cutting tool automatically divides the pubic symphysis. Finally, a hot water and a lactic acid solution is used to automatically clean the equipment. Once the rectum has been loosened, it drops into the abdominal cavity of the carcass. Microbiological analyses have shown that the use of this procedure does not result in contamination problems.
Structure and Function of Cartilage
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Although joints vary by structure and function (Figure 1.4), they can be classified by the range of movement and the tissue connecting the bones (Figure 1.5). Structurally, joints can be classified by the type of connective tissue present, either fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or no direct connection. Joints connected by fibrous connective tissue (fibrous joints) include the sutures of the bones of the skull, the syndesmosis of the radius/ulna and fibula/tibia, and the gomphosis of the tooth and socket. Except for the syndesmosis, which permits movement, the fibrous joints permit little to no movement and functionally are classified as synarthrosis joint types. Joints connected by cartilaginous tissues (hyaline or fibrocartilage) may be further subdivided into synchondrosis and symphysis joints. Synchondrosis joints (with the exception of the joint of the first rib and sternum) are present during skeletal maturation as growth plates. This offers minimal movement and is later replaced with bone. Symphysis joints, such as the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis, generally allow some movement (amphiarthrosis) and are permanent structures. Anatomically, these are composed of hyaline cartilage separated by a fibrocartilage disc (Gray et al. 1980).
Pelvis injury risk curves in side impacts from human cadaver experiments using survival analysis and Brier score metrics
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Narayan Yoganandan, John R. Humm, Nicholas DeVogel, Anjishnu Banerjee, Frank A. Pintar, Jeffrey T. Somers
Another series of tests was conducted at the Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (INRETS) wherein seven seated intact PMHS were subjected to side impacts using a 23.4 kg impactor at velocities ranging from 3 to 7 m/s. This study was extended to include 14 additional PMHS at velocities ranging from 9 to 14 m/s, and the impactor mass was 12 or 16.2 kg (Bouquet et al. 1998). A combined analysis of data from these two studies indicated that a force of 7.6 kN is associated with a 25% risk of pelvic fracture at the AIS 2 level (Abbreviated Injury Score, AIS), and at the three level, the force was 11.4 kN. During the development of injury criteria in the US standards, information from these tests were used to develop pelvic injury risk curves (IRCs) and the peak impact force was the response variable. As stated, the pubic symphysis force is specified for the ES2-re dummy.
Does inside passing contribute to the high incidence of groin injuries in soccer? A biomechanical analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Thomas Dupré, Johannes Funken, Ralf Müller, Kristian R. L. Mortensen, Filip Gertz Lysdal, Markus Braun, Hartmut Krahl, Wolfgang Potthast
High muscle stresses in the adductors cannot only explain muscle injuries, a connection can also be made to the development of adductor tendinopathy and osteitis pubis: The cross-sectional area of muscles gets smaller towards their apophyses, but the forces produced are constant throughout the entire muscle. Therefore, the stress applied to the tendons and apophyses is higher compared to the centre of the muscle. This even higher stress makes the tendons and apophyses prone to overuse and the onset of inflammations. Accordingly, this is relevant for the development of adductor tendinopathy in soccer players. Furthermore, because the gracilis, together with the adductor longus, is attached to the pubic bone via the inferior pubic ligament, the combined force of the two muscles acts on the pubic symphysis (Cunningham et al., 2007). There are two mechanisms associated with groin pain and/or osteitis pubis that might be explained by this combined force: First, Cunningham et al. (2007) found that osteitis pubis is often accompanied by a microtear in the adductor longus attachment. Second, due to the high stresses, the pubic symphysis and parasymphyseal bone might be put under extensive stress repeatedly, leading also to osteitis pubis (Hiti et al., 2011). Both mechanisms can be explained by high muscle stress acting on the apophysis and pubic symphysis.
Statistical shape modeling of the pelvic floor to evaluate women with obstructed defecation symptoms
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Megan R. Routzong, Ghazaleh Rostaminia, Shaniel T. Bowen, Roger P. Goldberg, Steven D. Abramowitch
Qualitatively, Mode 1 described differences in the relative location of the anal sphincter and levator plate with respect to the pubic symphysis (Figure 3). When they are closer to the pubic symphysis, the levator plate is more raised and curved. When they are further, the levator plate is straighter and lower—or more relaxed. Mode 2 described variation in level III support towards and away from the tip of the coccyx, which corresponds with a straighter and more bulged shape, respectively. Mode 3 was less localized, demonstrating overall shape variation and described anterior-posterior “squeezing” with a more inferior perineal body and transitions to anterior-posterior bulging with a relatively superior, flatter perineal body.