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A Medical Image Based Template for Pedicle Screw Insertion.
Published in J. Middleton, M. L. Jones, G. N. Pande, Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering – 2, 2020
K. Van Brussel, J. Vander Sloten, R. Van Audekercke, B. Swaelens, L. Vanden Berghe, G. Fabry
Human vertebrae can be damaged due to trauma or as a result of repetitive overloading. These injuries are treated by bridging the defective vertebrae using osteosynthesis material together with bone grafts to repair the damaged vertebral body or even to allow a fusion of this body with the neighbouring vertebrae. Also spinal deformations (scoliosis) require correction and stabilization. Classical instrumentation consists of rods (Cotrel-Dubousset, Harrington, Luque-Galveston, ..) attached to the bone by means of hooks or wires. More recently, transpedicular screws are introduced as an alternative bone/implant interface. The insertion of such pedicle screws implicates a relatively high complication risk and the success depends strongly on the experience of the surgeon [1]. Incorrectly drilled holes or malplacement of the screws can result in nerve root injuries and fracture of the pedicle. The precision and hence the safety of pedicle screw insertion can be enhanced by a certain degree of automation of the critical actions. The approach developed at KULeuven, in the framework of the European Brite-Euram project on Personalized Implants and Surgical Aids (PISA), proposes a mechanical guide to indicate the direction of the optimal path for the insertion of the pedicle screw. In this way an advanced surgical tool is put at the disposal of the surgeon, leaving the medical responsibility in his hands.
Sitting and Seating
Published in Stephen Pheasant, Christine M. Haslegrave, Bodyspace, 2018
Stephen Pheasant, Christine M. Haslegrave
The human vertebral column (spine or backbone) consists of 24 movable bony vertebrae separated by deformable hydraulic pads of fibrocartilage known as intervertebral discs. (Up to 10% of people possess a greater or lesser number of vertebrae, but these ‘anomalies’ seem to have little functional consequence.) The column is surmounted by the skull and rests upon the sacrum, which is firmly bound to the hip bones at the sacro-iliac joints. The vertebrae can be naturally grouped into seven cervical vertebrae (in the neck), twelve thoracic vertebrae (to which the ribs are attached) and five lumbar vertebrae (in the small of the back, between the ribs and the pelvis) (Figure 5.1). The spine is a flexible structure, the configuration of which is controlled by many muscles and ligaments.
Working Posture
Published in Céline McKeown, Office Ergonomics, 2007
Figure 1.1 is an illustration of the spine. The spine consists of 33 individual bones, referred to as vertebrae. It is normally divided into several distinct sections: the cervical vertebrae, comprising seven vertebrae in the neck; the thoracic vertebrae, 12 vertebrae incorporating the chest and rib area; the lumbar vertebrae, five vertebrae in the lower back; the sacrum, which is formed by five fused vertebrae; and the coccyx, which is made up of the remaining three or four rather simple vertebrae. Because the weight borne by the lumbar vertebrae is greater than that borne by either the cervical or thoracic vertebrae, and because the lumbar region is subject to a peak in leverage at this point (as a person leans forward, backwards or sideways), it is subjected to higher levels of stress.
Effects of backrest and seat-pan inclination of tractor seat on biomechanical characteristics of lumbar, abdomen, leg and spine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qichao Wang, Yihuan Huo, Zheng Xu, Wenjie Zhang, Yujun Shang, Hongmei Xu
The spine plays various roles in supporting the trunk, protecting the internal organs, controlling human movement and protecting the spinal cord. The adult spine consists of 26 vertebrae, including seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5), one sacral vertebra and one caudal vertebra from the top to the bottom. The load of spine in different parts is the sum of the weight of the above limbs, muscle tension and external load. Therefore, the spine gradually widens from the top to the bottom, which is in line with the gradual increase in spinal load. The thoracic vertebra is the most important part of human spine, playing important roles in maintaining the stability and driving the movement of human upper limbs. The lumbar spine is located at the bottom of the spine, acting as a junction of the movable segment and the fixed segment. It bears a large load and is the most frequent site for the occurrence of lumbar occupational diseases. Based on these facts, this study selected some thoracic segments and the whole lumbar segment as the objects for analysis.
Mechanical properties and fluid permeability of gyroid and diamond lattice structures for intervertebral devices: functional requirements and comparative analysis
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Anatolie Timercan, Vadim Sheremetyev, Vladimir Brailovski
According to Statistics Canada, spine health problems are amongst the most common sources of chronic pain in Canadians requiring intervertebral fusion surgery in extreme cases [1]. This procedure involves the fixation of two or more adjacent vertebrae using spinal instrumentation such as spinal rods and spinal cages. A number of different cage designs are commonly used by surgeons, depending on the surgery site, the illness severity, and the preferred surgical technique. Larger cages (threaded cylindrical and box-shaped) are employed in anterior and lateral intervertebral fusion approaches, while smaller cages (bullet- and kidney-shaped) are preferred for posterior and transforaminal intervertebral fusion [2,3]. It must, however, be noted that the currently used commercial intervertebral cages present different complication risks, such as a lack of fixation, cage migration and subsidence [4,5]. The reported complication rates vary from 6 to 30%, depending on the cage type, the material, the size, and the surgical technique [6,7].
Analysis of sagittal spinal alignment at the adolescent age: for furniture design
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
The spine has five successive segments from cranial to caudal: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx vertebrae. The following parameters were measured (Figure 1): total vertebral column length (VL), cervical vertebrae length (CVL), thoracic vertebrae length (TVL), lumbar vertebrae length (LVL), and sacral vertebrae length (coccyx vertebrae included) (SVL). All measurements were performed according to ISO 7250-1:2017 anthropometric standards and ISAK guidelines.