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Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Spinal Abnormalities
Published in de Azevedo-Marques Paulo Mazzoncini, Mencattini Arianna, Salmeri Marcello, Rangayyan Rangaraj M., Medical Image Analysis and Informatics: Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Therapy, 2018
Marcello H. Nogueira-Barbosa, Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo-Marques
The most common intervertebral disc disease is degeneration, although less frequently infection, inflammatory diseases, or even more rarely, neoplasm may affect disc tissue. Intervertebral disc degeneration usually occurs with loss of glycosaminoglycans and water content, with concomitant increase in type I collagen. Such biochemical compositional changes lead to structural failure. Annulus fibrosus fibers may tear and subsequently nucleus pulposus material may be displac ed to peripheral regions of the disc. Focal disc material displacement beyond the limits of the intervertebral disc space delimited by the vertebral bodies gives rise to intervertebral disc herniation. Intervertebral disc herniation may cause or may contribute to spinal cord or nerve root compression when the disc displacement occurs toward neural tissue. Intervertebral disc displacement may contribute to spinal canal obliteration, a situation that may characterize spinal canal stenosis. Spinal cord and nerve root compression symptoms vary according to the compressed structure and depending on the level of compression. Intervertebral disc degeneration alone, without disc herniation or nerve compression, may cause localized back pain. Nerve root compression secondary to abnormal disc morphology is usually accompanied by pain radiating to the upper or the lower limb, respectively, in the case of nerve compression in the cervical or lumbar regions.
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Published in Karl H. E. Kroemer, Ergonomic Design of Material Handling Systems, 2017
The spinal column is a complex structure. It consists of 24 movable vertebrae held together in cartilaginous joints of two different kinds: in front the fibrocartilage disks between the main bodies of the vertebrae, and at the rear the synovial facet joints, two to each vertebra. The spine transfers compressive and shear forces, and both bending and twisting moments from the head and shoulder bones to the pelvis. It also protects the spinal cord, which runs through openings at the posterior (spinal canal) carrying signals between the brain and all sections of the body. This complex rod, transversing the trunk and keeping the shoulders separated from the pelvis, is held in delicate balance by ligaments connecting the vertebrae and by muscles that pull along the posterior and lateral sides of the spinal column. Longitudinal muscles located along the sides and the front of the trunk also both balance and load the spine.
Parenteral Drug Administration: Routes of Administration and Devices
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Himanshu Bhattacharjee, Vivian Loveless, Laura A. Thoma
The epidural space (or extradural space or peridural space) is a part of the human spine. It is the space inside the bony spinal canal but outside the membrane called the dura mater (Figure 2.5). In contact with the inner surface of the dura is another membrane called the arachnoid matter. The arachnoid space encompasses the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord. The term “epidural” is often synonymous with epidural anesthesia, and it is a form of regional anesthesia involving injection of drugs through a catheter placed into the epidural space. The injection can cause both a loss of sensation and analgesia, by blocking the transmission of signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord.
A computerised system for measurement of the radial displacement of the intervertebral disc using a laser scanning device
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Kayla M. Fewster, Shahid Haider, Chad E. Gooyers, Jack Callaghan, Alexander Wong
Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most prominent musculoskeletal disorders. Up to 80% of individuals in North American will experience an episode of LBP at some point in their lifetime (Friedly et al. 2010). Radial displacement (i.e., bulging) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is a known mechanism associated with LBP due to the potential compression of the spinal cord in the spinal canal or impingement of the nerve roots in the neural foramina (Stokes 1988; Brinckmann et al. 1989; Wenger and Schlegel 1997; Solomonow et al. 2003; Cuchanski et al. 2011). IVD herniation generally occurs in the posterior region of the disc and is characterised by the extrusion of the nucleus through the annulus (Yu et al. 1988; Mobbs & Steel, 2007), extending into the spinal canal. Quantifying changes in peak IVD bulge across posture and loading conditions facilitate the understanding of structural changes that may occur in the IVD of spinal units.
Segmentation and reconstruction of cervical muscles using knowledge-based grouping adaptation and new step-wise registration with discrete cosines
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Abdulla Al Suman, Mst. Nargis Aktar, Md. Asikuzzaman, Alexandra Louise Webb, Diana M. Perriman, Mark R. Pickering
The planning of treatment for the neck region relies on having exact diagrams of anatomical structures, as this area contains many sensitive organs, such as nerves, blood vessels, the spinal cord, spinal canal and trachea. Therefore, precise accuracy is required for treatment intervention. However, delineation is the pre-requisite for diagrammatically representing anatomical structures. Also, for minimally invasive treatment, the surgeon and therapist need to know the exact positions of both affected and normal organs. Previous segmentation techniques for the neck region focused mainly on the vertebrae (Booth and Clausi 2001; Carballido-Gamio et al. 2004), inter-vertebral discs (Seifert et al. 2009), trachea (Valdes et al. 2000), spinal cord (Nyúl et al. 2005; Archip et al. 2002), endorrhachis and nerve roots (Terao et al. 2001) but not neck muscles. Segmenting neck muscles is difficult compared with segmenting other anatomical neck organs which have better contrast and spatial sparseness in medical imaging data. In this paper, we use our new method to segment the sternocleidomastoid, obliquus capitus inferior, semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis cervical neck muscles.
Spinal dura mater: biophysical characteristics relevant to medical device development
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Sean J. Nagel, Chandan G. Reddy, Leonardo A. Frizon, Matthieu K. Chardon, Marshall Holland, Andre G. Machado, George T. Gillies, Matthew A. Howard, Saul Wilson
Although dura mater is a continuous membrane that encloses the brain and the spinal cord, the spinal dura mater differs from the cranial dura mater. The external endosteal layer of cranial dura mater ends at the foramen magnum continues as the periosteum of the spinal canal. Thus, the spinal dura mater is composed of the inner or meningeal layer of cranial dura mater. Caudally, the spinal dura ends at the level of S2 where it becomes a thin cord-like extension (coccygeal ligament or filum terminale) that anchors the dural sac to the sacral periosteum. The dura mater is attached to the circumference of the foramen magnum and the second and third vertebrae. It is also attached anteriorly to the posterior longitudinal ligament by the fibrous Bands of Hofmann. The posterior surface is relatively more mobile and the connective tissue (the meningovertebral ligaments) is less fibrous [3]. Thus, the anterior attachment supports and secures the dura anteriorly in the spinal canal while the posterior surface is allowed greater mobility.