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Thermal Comfort and Gender, Age, Geographical Location and for People with Disabilities
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Thermal Comfort, 2019
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord’s normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. Patients with spinal cord injury usually have a multisystem impairment, which is often permanent and threaten health, function and social participation. When caring for a person with a spinal cord injury, it is important to look at them holistically. There are two types: traumatic, due to a fall or injury, for example, and non-traumatic, due to tumours, inflammation or degeneration. The part of the spinal cord that was damaged corresponds to the spinal nerves at that level and below. Injuries can be cervical 1–8 (C1–C8), thoracic 1–12 (T1–T12), lumbar 1–5 (L1–L5) or sacral (S1–S5). A person’s level of injury is defined as the lowest level of full sensation and function. The majority of people who sustain spinal cord injuries are not able to sweat below the level of injury. For people who sit all the time, blood pools into the feet in legs and legs can become cold even in hot weather.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The PNS includes cranial nerves extending from the brain to structures in the head and body, and spinal nerves extending from the spinal cord into the neck, torso, and limbs. There are 31 spinal nerve pairs. They are named and numbered for the spinal region of origin (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal) and level (1, 2, etc.). After leaving the spinal canal, individual nerve fibers in the spinal nerves regroup into different combinations as they travel through nerve plexuses within the neck and torso. The interlaced nerve fibers in the plexuses look somewhat like a railroad switching yard with multiple junctions. Peripheral nerves, the bundles of regrouped nerve fibers from multiple spinal nerves, leave a plexus to travel to specific areas of the neck, torso, and upper and lower limbs. Ganglia, clusters of nerve cells located outside the CNS, may be part of the sensory or autonomic nervous systems discussed in the next sections. Read Chapter 4 for information relating to the spinal and peripheral nerves arising from the lower cervical, thoracic, and upper lumbar regions, and Chapter 5 for the remaining lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal and peripheral nerves. The spinal nerves and ganglia of the PNS are generally protected within the body and not affected by wearables. Peripheral nerves are more vulnerable, particularly to direct or sustained pressure. Prototype trials of wearable products may include assessing restriction of the peripheral nerves through physical measurements and/or through questioning the wear testers about possible weakness, level of comfort, possible pain, or change of sensation from wearing the product.
Body mapping of skin friction coefficient and tactile perception during the dynamic skin-textile interaction
Published in Ergonomics, 2022
Mevra Temel, Andrew A. Johnson, Alex B. Lloyd
The static skin friction describes ‘the resistance to the force tangential to the interface which is just sufficient to initiate relative motion between two bodies under load’ (Naz, Jamil, and Sherani 2014). To understand the sensitivity across the body, the stickiness perception was normalised to static skin friction coefficient in this study, and sensitivity mapping was created by calculated sensitivity for each testing body region (Table 1). Similarly, dynamic skin friction describes ‘the friction between two surfaces in relative motion’ (Naz, Jamil, and Sherani 2014). To understanding texture sensitivity across the body, the dynamic skin friction coefficient was associated with texture perception in this study, and the texture perception was normalised to dynamic skin friction coefficient, and sensitivity mapping was created by calculated sensitivity for each testing body region (Table 1). The results revealed that there was a significant difference in the texture and stickiness sensitivity across the testing body regions. This may suggest that mechano-receptors distributions and/or innervations sensitivity might partially explain the reasons that participants perceived their textile sensations to be different across various body regions. Moreover, each spinal nerve carries somatic sensory information from a specific area of the skin on the surface of the body (dermatome) to the central nervous system through the spinal cord (Martini et al. 2014); thus, the transmission of afferent information may vary depending on the spinal level associated with that dermatome.
Pulsed radiofrequency for low-back pain and sciatica
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Alessandro Napoli, Giulia Alfieri, Roberto Scipione, Fabrizio Andrani, Andrea Leonardi, Carlo Catalano
TFESI provides only short-term analgesic effect to patients with chronic LRP. It seems that adjuvant PRF allows for a more prolonged period of pain relief. In a retrospective study by Ding et al., 135 patients with lumbar radicular pain caused by HD were treated with TFESI, PRF combined with TFESI or PRF alone: patients in the first two groups had an early analgesic effect; however, groups treated with PRF alone or PRF with TFESI obtained a more prolonged period of pain relief as compared to patients treated with TFESI alone. This may be explained by the neuromodulatory effect of PRF in the spinal nerve root, which could determine a long-term effect. On the other hand, the anti-inflammatory effect of steroid injection could improve function in the patient at an early stage [24]. A randomized trial by Koh et al. reported better results, in terms of pain relief, in patients treated with PRF immediately followed by TFESI as compared to those treated with TFESI alone, at 2 and 3 months of follow-up. Results in the two groups were similar at 1 month of follow-up, thus demonstrating a trend toward superiority of the first group over time. However, no statistical difference was found between the two groups: this may be partially due to the small sample size (62 patients) and to the stricter criteria for defining successful treatment as compared to other studies [11].
Optimization of hyaluronic acid production and its cytotoxicity and degradability characteristics
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Serap Gedikli, Gökhan Güngör, Yağmur Toptaş, Dilber Ece Sezgin, Murat Demirbilek, Nuray Yazıhan, Pınar Aytar Çelik, Emir Baki Denkbaş, Vural Bütün, Ahmet Çabuk
Hyaluronic acid is used in some treatment strategies, such as ophthalmology, same orthopedic and cardiovascular surgery, and joint inflammation.[51] Therefore, immunocompatibility of produced bacterial HA is critically important and in vitro cytokine levels released from monocyte–macrophage cells demonstrate immunocompatibility of the bacterial HA. Schimizzi et al.[52] investigated effect of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid on spinal nerve scar. They show that hyaluronic acid caused a decrease in monocyte–macrophage cell concentration and also pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) levels. According to our result, bacterial hyaluronic acid did not cause arising of TNF-α (p > .05) release but also cause arising of IL-10 (p < .05) release of monocyte–macrophage cells.