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Lead Toxicity and Flavonoids
Published in Tanmoy Chakraborty, Lalita Ledwani, Research Methodology in Chemical Sciences, 2017
Amrish Chandra, Deepali Saxena
Lead-induced chronic renal insufficiency may result in gout. A direct effect on the kidney of long-term lead exposure is nephropathy. Impairment of proximal tubular function manifests in aminoaciduria, glycosuria, and hyperphosphaturia (a Fanconi-like syndrome). Overt effects of lead on the kidney in man and experimental animals, particularly the rat and mouse, begin with acute morphological changes consisting of nuclear inclusion bodies or lead protein complexes and ultrastructural changes in organelles, particularly mitochondria. Dysfunction of proximal renal tubules (Fanconi syndrome) as manifested by glycosuria, aminoaciduria, and hyperphosphaturia in the presence of hypophosphatemia and rickets was first noted in acute lead poisoning.44,45 Long-term exposure to lead may give rise to the development of irreversible functional and morphological renal changes. This includes intense interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and dilation and the development of functional as well as ultrastructural changes in renal tubular mitochondria.46,47
Occupational toxicology of the kidney
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The epithelial cells that line the proximal tubule are highly differentiated with a well-developed brush border, except for the S2 segment. Large numbers of mitochondria and a highly developed lysosomal system are present proximally and decrease distally. The proximal tubule selectively reabsorbs most of the water, salts, sugars and amino acids, with approximately 70% of water and solutes reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. This includes sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, bicarbonate ions, amino acids, glucose and other physiologically critical materials. Virtually all of the filtered low molecular proteins are reabsorbed here by specialised endocytotic processes. Active secretion by the tubular epithelium from the adjacent capillary network into the urine also occurs and is primarily responsible for excretion of certain organic compounds and for elimination of hydrogen and potassium compounds. The specialised transport systems utilised for these physiologic processes are also able to extract and/or concentrate toxic chemicals from the basolateral side of the tubule. Biotransformation is a function of the proximal tubule, especially the S3 segment, due to high concentrations of P450 enzymes, glutathione, as well as cysteine beta-lyase which can bioactivate glutathione conjugates (Schnellmann 2001).
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
The bioartificial renal tubule would consist of viable renal epithelial cells supported within a tubular structure such as a hollow fiber membrane. These renal tubule cells can be obtained from the renal proximal tubule since it is this section of the renal tubule that reclaims the majority of the water, salt, glucose, amino acids, and other species that are filtered from the glomerular capillaries (Fissell et al., 2001).
Gas formation and biological effects of biodegradable magnesium in a preclinical and clinical observation
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2018
Yu-Kyoung Kim, Kwang-Bok Lee, Seo-Young Kim, Ken Bode, Yong-Seok Jang, Tae-Young Kwon, Moo Heon Jeon, Min-Ho Lee
Histologic analysis of the kidney and liver tissue after Mg implantation is shown in Figure 5(B). The kidney consisted of mainly proximal tubules (a), and mitotic epithelial cells were formed around the tubules as a brush border with blood cells (b) filling the area between the tubules. The glomerulus (c) showed a globular capillary network of 80- to 110-μm diameters surrounded by the Bowman capsule, which had the same morphology in the control and the implanted groups. The kidneys in both groups were visually similar regardless of treatment time, and their tissue shapes were not significantly different between groups. The liver tissue in the control group showed typical liver cell shapes during the entire test period. In the hepatocyte cells, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and glycogen granules were observed. In the implanted group at 5 days, histologic changes in the liver tissue were observed, with a small area of vacuolization shown in Figure 5B(d). No inflammation or deformation was observed in the 30-day immersion group.