China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The blood brought to the kidneys by the arteries is filtered under pressure by a part of the basic functional unit of the kidney, the nephron (Figure 10.8). There are approximately 1 million nephrons in each kidney. Each nephron is a thin long convoluted tube, surrounded by capillaries, which is closed at one end, where the filtering takes place. The filtered fluid is then absorbed from within the nephron, according to the needs of the body. The cells of the tubules also have the ability to secrete substances into the lumen of the tubule of the nephron and eliminated them from the body in the urine. These are usually unwanted substances and include many toxins and drugs.
Rationalizing of Morphological Renal Parameters and eGFR for Chronic Kidney Disease Detection
Published in J. Dinesh Peter, Steven Lawrence Fernandes, Carlos Eduardo Thomaz, Advances in Computerized Analysis in Clinical and Medical Imaging, 2019
Deepthy Mary Alex, D. Abraham Chandy, Anand Paul
Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle comprises of a cluster of capillaries known as glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule. From the capsule, a renal tubule enhances. Both the capsule and tubule are joined together and are comprised of epithelial cells with a lumen. Approximately about 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons are present in each kidney of a normal healthy adult. Purification of the blood occurs as the blood passes through three layers, namely, the endothelial cells present in the capillary wall, basement membrane and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule.
Allometric Relationships
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
A nephron is the basic filtration unit of the kidney. The number of nephrons present in both kidneys is () nnephron=1.88×105m0.62
Toxicological safety, antioxidant activity and phytochemical characterization of leaf and bark aqueous extracts of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Lucas Felipe de Melo Alcântara, Pedro Thiago da Silva, Quesya Mamede de Oliveira, Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza, Marllyn Marques da Silva, George Souza Feitoza, Wendeo Kennedy Costa, Maria Aparecida da Conceição de Lira, Cristiano Aparecido Chagas, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia, Márcia Vanusa da Silva
In contrast, kidneys are responsible for filtering blood plasma and excreting toxic or metabolic waste substances from the body. Kidneys are composed of nephrons, a morphofunctional unit, which continuously produce urine. In this study, the glomerulus and renal corpuscle, structures responsible for filtration, were examined (Derakhshanfar, Roshanzamir, and Bidadkosh 2013). In addition, the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood serum were measured. These findings demonstrated that all parameters were at normal levels in animals treated with a single dose after 14 days.
Flow analysis in permeable channel with variable wall reabsorption
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Kidneys are bean shaped organs, working day and night, in living beings. By the process of reabsorption the waste materials are removed from the blood. The functional unit of kidney is called the nephrons, which are alike in function and structure. It has two parts, the renal corpuscle and the tubule. The initial blood-filtering part of a nephron is renal corpuscle, which consists of glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. Due to the high blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries, the blood is forced to enter the Bowmans capsule for rapid filtration. The filtrate which enters the Bowmans capsule is known as glomerular filtrate (GF). Renal tubule is the segment after Bowmans capsule, where, most of the materials like glucose, electrolytes and water from GF are reabsorbed across the tubular walls. The rate of reabsorption of glomerular filtrate is approximately 180 liters each day in which 178 liters is reabsorbed per day and the remaining 2 liters becomes urine [1]. If kidneys stop doing their job, the artificial kidneys (dialyser) are used to save life. Life expectancy on dialysis can vary, however, many patients have lived well on dialysis for 20 or even 30 years. The abnormal kidney function can be detected by abnormal volume regulation, electrolyte profiles and the renal imaging. There are numerous renal abnormalities that alter the kidney function and cause diseases. The kidney failure can be caused by glomerular, tubular and vascular diseases. It has been reported in [2] that about out of 50,000 people die each year from kidney diseases, which are well suited to artificial kidney treatment (dialysis) or kidney transplantation. The most common causes of renal failure are high blood pressure, pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy and tubular disorder. Studying tubular disease is a challenging task due to several other diseases such as tubular interstitial injury, allergic interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis and tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, these diseases [3–6] cause abnormal reabsorption due to pore blockage at the walls [7].