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Kidney Function and Uremia
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The loop of Henle has three distinct parts—thin ascending, thin descending, and thick ascending segments. The thin segments have thin epithelial membranes with minimum metabolic activity and conversely the thick segments have thicker epithelial cells with high metabolic activity. Both the ascending limbs (thick and thin) are impermeable to water, and these are responsible for the concentration of urine. The whole of water reabsorption, in the loop of Henle, occurs in the thin descending limb. Sodium, chloride, and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb, along with calcium, bicarbonate, and magnesium.
Environmental benign RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of anti-hypertensive drugs using analytical quality by design
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Naveenarani Dharuman, Karunanidhi Santhana Lakshmi, Manikandan Krishnan
Benidipine is a long-acting, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used as an anti-anginal and anti-hypertensive agent [6]. It is chemically (benidipine, (±)-(R*)−3- [(R*)−1-benzyl-3-piperidyl] methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl- 4-(m-nitrophenyl)−3,5-pyridine dicarboxylate hydrochloride (Figure 1a). It inhibits L, T, and N-type calcium channels and has a strong vascular selectivity. The drug has anti-oxidant properties and an increase in nitric oxide production. In addition, it shows cardioprotective benefits in patients with ischemic heart disease. It also shows renal protective effects [7]. Chlorthalidone (Figure 1b) is a thiazide type diuretic used exclusively as antihypertensive. It is effective in BP reduction and improving cardiovascular outcomes [8]. The IUPAC name of chlorthalidone is benzenesulfonamide, 2-chloro-5-(2,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1H-isoindol-1-yl) [9]. It blocks the sodium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle's distal convoluted tubule [10]. The literature study reveals that few HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) techniques were reported for chlorthalidone [11–14], while for benidipine HPLC/UPLC (Ultra performance liquid chromatography) [15] and with the combination of BEN and CHD stability indicating HPLC [16] and RP-HPLC [17] technique has been discussed.
A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Ryan Takeshita, Steven J. Bursian, Kathleen M. Colegrove, Tracy K. Collier, Kristina Deak, Karen M. Dean, Sylvain De Guise, Lisa M. DiPinto, Cornelis J. Elferink, Andrew J. Esbaugh, Robert J. Griffitt, Martin Grosell, Kendal E. Harr, John P. Incardona, Richard K. Kwok, Joshua Lipton, Carys L. Mitchelmore, Jeffrey M. Morris, Edward S. Peters, Aaron P. Roberts, Teresa K. Rowles, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Lori H. Schwacke, Cynthia R. Smith, Dana L. Wetzel, Michael H. Ziccardi, Ailsa J. Hall
Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) of western sandpipers at 27oC and metabolic rates under thermal stress conditions (sliding scale down to −3oC) over a 12 hr period were tested in respirometry chambers. Oil applied to the back and breast feathers to a total of 20% body coverage did not result in significant changes in thermal conductance, but birds that were oiled 3 days before testing exhibited lower body temperatures at the time of testing and lost more body weight than other birds. In addition, birds exposed to oil for 3 days before respirometry displayed changes in blood chemistries consistent with damage to the loop of Henle, evidenced as increased urea, decreased sodium, and albumin, as well as increases in markers of oxidative stress including reduced and total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde ± 4-hydroxyalkenals.