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Occupational toxicology of the kidney
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The kidneys are paired organs located retroperitoneally in the lumbar region, ventral and lateral to the vertebral column (O’Callaghan and Brenner 2000). In an adult human, each kidney is 10–13 cm long, 5–6 cm wide and 2.5–3 cm thick, and weighs about 150g (less in females). The kidneys are reddish-brown, bean-shaped and covered by a thin fibrous capsule (Brenner 2000). The renal artery and vein and the ureter enter the kidney at the hilus, an indentation on the inner border (Brenner 2000). Blood is filtered by the kidney and the filtrate, which contains waste products, is excreted in the form of urine. Urine flows from the renal pelvis of the kidney through the ureters into the urinary bladder and is voided through the urethra to the exterior.
Statistical modelling for cancer mortality
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
In the world, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases. Our body is made up of different types of cells. Generally, these cells are grown and divided under controlled conditions to create more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. When cells become old or damaged, they die and new cells can take place in there. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells anywhere in a body. These abnormal cells are known as cancer cells, malignant cells or tumour cells. These cells can infiltrate normal body tissues. Cancer refers to cells that grow out of control and invade other tissues. Cells become cancerous due to the accumulation of defects, or mutations, in genetic material (DNA) of a cell. Tobacco use is one of the causes of cancer deaths. Apart from this, another reasons are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors including certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants are also responsible for cancer. Typically, many genetic changes are required for cancer development. Some cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a people's parents. There are over 200 types of cancer and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected. Many cancers and the abnormal cells that compose the cancer tissue are further identified by the name of the tissue that the abnormal cells originated from (e.g. breast cancer, lung cancer and colon cancer). But some cancers do not form tumours (as e.g. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood). Some types of cancer begin in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs (skin, lung, colon, pancreatic, ovarian cancers, etc.). Some of them begin in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue (bone, soft tissue cancers). Some cancers begin in the cells of the immune system (i.e. T-cell lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas, etc.) and it can also begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. In human body, the hollow area in the centre of each kidney is renal pelvis. It is a top part of the ureter. The ureter is a kind of long tube which makes a connection between the kidney and bladder. Actually, renal pelvis is very much related with kidney. Transitional cell cancer of the ureter and renal pelvis is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the ureter and renal pelvis.