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Cryptosporidiosis in Birds
Published in J. P. Dubey, C. A. Speer, R. Fayer, Cryptosporidiosis of Man and Animals, 2018
David S. Lindsay, Byron L. Blagburn
Small intestinal cryptosporidiosis has been reported in a 12-week-old pet Bantam-type chicken.289 The bird had green watery diarrhea, was weak, and failed to gain weight. At necropsy, the small and large intestines contained thick green contents. Microscopically, the villi in all small intestinal segments were atrophic and misshapen and the crypts were hypertrophic. The lamina propria was infiltrated by heterophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Other disease-causing agents were present; therefore, the role of Cryptosporidia as a cause of enteritis in chickens is still unclear. Another case of small intestinal cryptosporidiosis was seen in a 6-month-old rooster with severe chronic diarrhea.273 At necropsy, there was marked thickening of the intestinal wall and intestinal contents were mucoid. Lesions consisting of epithelial and gladular hyperplasia were present in the intestine. The lamina propria was infiltrated with plasma cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. No other infectious agents were isolated from this bird.
General Introductory Topics
Published in Vadim Backman, Adam Wax, Hao F. Zhang, A Laboratory Manual in Biophotonics, 2018
Vadim Backman, Adam Wax, Hao F. Zhang
An organ is formed by a combination of the four basic tissue types. The wall of the alimentary (or gastrointestinal) tract provides a good illustrative example. Its luminal surface is lined by epithelium. Underneath the epithelium, there is a basal lamina. In some organs, a layer of loose connective tissue is present that is called lamina propria. Below it, there is muscularis mucosa, which is a layer of smooth muscle cells. These first three layers (epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa) form the mucosa. Underneath the mucosa, we find a layer appropriately named the submucosa—this is another layer of loose connective tissue. A distinction between the lamina propria and the submucosa is that the former's role is to support the function of the epithelium (which means microcirculation, e.g., pericryptal plexus of small arterioles and capillaries wrapping around crypts), while the latter contains larger blood vessels. Muscularis propria is typically a much thicker layer of muscle. In the case of the colon, it is this muscle that drives peristalsis. The outermost layer is either the serosa or adventitia. The serosa is a thin membrane composed of a layer of connective tissue lined, from the peritoneal cavity side, by mesothelial cells. The serosa is found primarily (with some exceptions) in the peritoneal organs (e.g., most of the gastrointestinal tract, with the exception of a part of the esophagus and part of the rectum). The adventitia, on the other hand, is a thicker layer and is a mixture of different types of connective tissue, including the loose connective tissue in which some adipose (fat) tissue might be present. The adventitia is found in the retroperitoneal organs (e.g., part of the esophagus and the rectum). Among the digestive organs, the thoracic esophagus, ascending colon, descending colon, and the rectum are bound by the adventitia, while the rest are bound by the serosa.
3D printing technology and applied materials in eardrum regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Haolei Hu, Jianwei Chen, Shuo Li, Tao Xu, Yi Li
The ear is divided into three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The TM is an oval and translucent membranous structure between the tympanic chamber of the middle ear and external auditory canal (Figure 1) [4]. The eardrum has three layers (Figure 2): the outermost layer is a flat epithelium containing keratinocytes; the intermediate layer is composed of fibroblasts, type II collagen, and type III collagen (lamina propria) to maintain the mechanical strength, density, and elasticity of the eardrum; the inner layer is a mucosal layer without keratinocytes. The tympanum consists of two regions: relaxation and tension. The tension region is where most tympanic perforations occur. The difference between the tension and relaxation regions lies in the composition of the lamina propria, which has different functions. The middle layer of the lamina propria in the tension region of the TM is composed of type III collagen, as well as type I and type II collagen, while the outer layer is composed of type II collagen, loose connective tissue, and a small amount of elastic fibers in the lamina propria of the tension region. Eardrum function depends largely on its special structure; hence, changes in the eardrum structure (such as perforation of the eardrum) can lead to conductive hearing loss.
Formulation and evaluation of niosomes-based chlorpheniramine gel for the treatment of mild to moderate skin allergy
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Urooj Afreen, Khairi Mustafa Fahelelbom, Syed Nisar Hussain Shah, Akram Ashames, Uzma Almas, Shujaat Ali Khan, Muhammad Arfat Yameen, Naveed Nisar, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Ghulam Murtaza
Normal rabbit skin after selection of appropriate portion, staining with haematoxylin, and eosin (H&E), and visualising under low, and high magnification powers (i.e. 10× and 40×) of optical microscope displayed prominent histopathological alterations (Figure 8a) showing regular and symmetrical arrangement of all layers and cells. Histopathological study of normal skin showed, symmetrical and smooth surfaced lamina propria with symmetrical collagen fibres, and glands along with their normal secretions of eosinophilic leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts and collagen fibres were found to make a regular network of loose connective tissue covering lamina propria, and performing function by mechanism of diffusion through capillaries to supply nutrients, and oxygen to the cells and to remove carbon dioxide, and water from cell being in accordance with findings of normal skin histology by Javed [26].
Does garlic ameliorates histological alterations of induced mucositis in Albino rats subjected to gamma radiation?
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
Reham M. Amin, Randa H. Mokhtar, Nabil A. El-Faramawy
The histological sections in Table 2 showed epithelial thickness apparently slightly increased compared to its correspondent irradiated group (R1). The rete pegs appeared long broad and regular. Marked basilar hyperplasia was observed within the basal cell layer. Few cells appeared with perinuclear haloing. Para basal cells demonstrated some mitotic figures within its thickness. The flat cells of the granular cell layer appeared almost with normal histological picture with distinct basophilically stained keratohyaline granules. The keratin layer appeared more or less thickened and slightly irregular covering the epithelial thickness with slight separations in its superficial layers. In some specimens, keratin layer appeared more or less regular with surface separations. The lamina propria connective tissue appeared with organized collagen fibers and fibroblastic cells. Blood vessels and capillaries were detected. Areas of separations appeared in the submucosa around the muscle (as shown in Figure 2b).