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Tissue Engineering in Reconstruction and Regeneration of Visceral Organs
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Soma Mondal Ghorai, Sudhanshu Mishra
Engineering kidney tissues are challenging as it is difficult to recapitulate the kidney exchange interface, which are a specialized network of vessels and tubules at close proximity with suitable cell phenotypes and matrices. The kidney exchange interface mainly comprises of three compartments: the tubular lumen, a thin layer of basement membrane, and the capillary lumen and each lumen is lined with unique cells (Figure 7.4) (Bulger and Dobyan, 1983). The capillary lumen is lined with endothe-lial cells rich in glycocalyx. The tubular lumen has epithelial cells with microvilli on the apical surface; the lateral surface has Na+/K+-ATPase transporters and transmembrane water channels (aquaporin-1) to control absorption and fluid transport and fenestrated by narrow tight junctions. The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule is lined by specialized cells called podocytes that interdigitate extensively leaving small gaps in between (~25 nm wide). The basement membrane matrix is rich in collagen IV and laminin and is ~1 µm in thickness (Salmon et al., 2009; Shirato et al., 1991). Other cells such as mesangial cells and perivascular cells provide nourishment and structural support as well as secrete signals during tissue injury (Cortes et al., 2000).
Rationalizing of Morphological Renal Parameters and eGFR for Chronic Kidney Disease Detection
Published in J. Dinesh Peter, Steven Lawrence Fernandes, Carlos Eduardo Thomaz, Advances in Computerized Analysis in Clinical and Medical Imaging, 2019
Deepthy Mary Alex, D. Abraham Chandy, Anand Paul
Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle comprises of a cluster of capillaries known as glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman’s capsule. From the capsule, a renal tubule enhances. Both the capsule and tubule are joined together and are comprised of epithelial cells with a lumen. Approximately about 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons are present in each kidney of a normal healthy adult. Purification of the blood occurs as the blood passes through three layers, namely, the endothelial cells present in the capillary wall, basement membrane and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule.
Flow analysis in permeable channel with variable wall reabsorption
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Kidneys are bean shaped organs, working day and night, in living beings. By the process of reabsorption the waste materials are removed from the blood. The functional unit of kidney is called the nephrons, which are alike in function and structure. It has two parts, the renal corpuscle and the tubule. The initial blood-filtering part of a nephron is renal corpuscle, which consists of glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. Due to the high blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries, the blood is forced to enter the Bowmans capsule for rapid filtration. The filtrate which enters the Bowmans capsule is known as glomerular filtrate (GF). Renal tubule is the segment after Bowmans capsule, where, most of the materials like glucose, electrolytes and water from GF are reabsorbed across the tubular walls. The rate of reabsorption of glomerular filtrate is approximately 180 liters each day in which 178 liters is reabsorbed per day and the remaining 2 liters becomes urine [1]. If kidneys stop doing their job, the artificial kidneys (dialyser) are used to save life. Life expectancy on dialysis can vary, however, many patients have lived well on dialysis for 20 or even 30 years. The abnormal kidney function can be detected by abnormal volume regulation, electrolyte profiles and the renal imaging. There are numerous renal abnormalities that alter the kidney function and cause diseases. The kidney failure can be caused by glomerular, tubular and vascular diseases. It has been reported in [2] that about out of 50,000 people die each year from kidney diseases, which are well suited to artificial kidney treatment (dialysis) or kidney transplantation. The most common causes of renal failure are high blood pressure, pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy and tubular disorder. Studying tubular disease is a challenging task due to several other diseases such as tubular interstitial injury, allergic interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis and tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, these diseases [3–6] cause abnormal reabsorption due to pore blockage at the walls [7].