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Medium Design for Cell Culture Processing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
These trace metals play key biological roles. Their multiple valence states make them easy participants in electron transfer reactions. They can form a prosthetic group, function as a cofactor of an enzyme, or be part of a complex that is integrated into a protein. Iron is responsible for the key activity of heme in hemoglobulin, which allows red blood cells, myoglobulin in muscle cells, and cytochromes in virtually every cell to carry oxygen molecules. Iron also plays a key role in electron transfer complexes in the mitochondria. Furthermore, iron is a metal ion component of many important proteins expressed at high levels in the cell. Among the trace elements, iron’s cellular demand is the highest and is therefore provided in the medium at a relatively high concentration.
Enzymes—Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions
Published in Jean-Louis Burgot, Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics, 2019
Some enzymes require an additional chemical component to exert their catalytic activity. It is named a cofactor. Some of them may be either one or more inorganic ions or an organic substance or a complex metalloorganic molecule, called a coenzyme. When a metal ion or a coenzyme is tightly bound to the enzyme protein, it is called a prosthetic group. When the enzymes are associated with a cofactor, the latter ones are essential to their action. (The nature of the inorganic ions serving as cofactors and that of coenzymes will be given bit by bit in this book, when the part played by them will be explained).
Bio-based Material Protein and Its Novel Applications
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Saiqa Ikram, Suvardhan Kanchi, Krishna Bisetty, Biocomposites, 2018
Tanvir Arfin, Pooja R. Mogarkar
Conjugated proteins, on hydrolysis, yield a-amino acids and a non-proteinous part known as prosthetic group or cofactor. The classification of conjugated proteins on the basis of prosthetic group is provided in Table 15.2. Prosthetic group is a simple or complex non-peptide organic molecule or an inorganic ion or organometallic complex that is loosely or firmly bound to the polypeptide chain of conjugated protein. The prosthetic groups of conjugated proteins are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, metal ions, or phosphates. The prosthetic group governs the biological functions of proteins. These groups play a vital role in conjugated protein; without it, the protein will lose its function. The prosthetic group is bound to the protein by linkages other than salt linkages. The protein component of a conjugated protein is stabilized by combination with the prosthetic group. Depending on the prosthetic group, proteins are further classified as follows:
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): chemical fate, distribution, analytical methods and promising remediation strategies – a critical review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Mridula Chaturvedi, Sam Joy, Rinkoo Devi Gupta, Sangeeta Pandey, Shashi Sharma
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is an extracellular enzyme containing an iron protoporphyrin IX (heme) prosthetic group, which uses Mn2+ as the electron donor MnP is a glycoprotein with molecular weights ranging from 38 to 62.5 kD, pH optima of 4–7 and temperature optima of 40–60°C. The secretion and synthesis of manganese peroxidases are very much influenced by the culture conditions, fungal developmental state, nutrient levels (N/C ratio) and the addition of inducer to the culture medium [166]. The activity of enzyme is inhibited by Hg2+, Pb2+, Ag+, lactate, NaN3, CaCl2, TEMED, ascorbic acid and beta-mercaptoethanol. Oxalate, malonate and lactate are some of the carboxylic acid chelators, oxalate being the most common one [167].
New experimental low-cost nanoscience technology for formulation of silver nanoparticles-activated carbon composite as a promising antiviral, biocide, and efficient catalyst
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
H. A. Fetouh, H. M. Abd-Elnaby, M. S. Alsubaie, E. R. Sallam
Nowadays, the preparation of antiviral heterocyclic compounds is a necessity concurrent with COVID-19 pandemic. Benzotriazoles are antiviral compounds for SARS-CoV that inactivates severe acute respiratory syndrome 3CL protease enzymatic (SARS) [12,13]. COVID-19 harmed almost all people around the globe, rapidly spread through inhalation air [14], it is a conjugated or nucleoproteins bonded to a non-protein prosthetic group: sugar, nucleic acid, lipid, or some other groups [15,16]. One of the most important strategies for the defense against COVID-19 is the treatment by chemotherapeutic triazoles drugs which selectively destroy the virus without simultaneously destroying the host [16]. Organic synthesis is very important for synthesis of therapeutic drugs and pharmaceutical formulation; however, it can be time-consuming and costly. The challenges of the use of organic catalysts add direct and indirect costs as these catalysts may toxic and hardly recovered from the reaction media. To keep the environment, the development of recycled and reused catalysts, such as silver nanoparticles at low concentrations is a necessity [9,17].
Triplet-state spin labels for highly sensitive pulsed dipolar spectroscopy
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
M. G. Dal Farra, S. Ciuti, M. Gobbo, D. Carbonera, M. Di Valentin
Researchers in the field of spin labelling EPR have used paramagnetic prosthetic groups as spin probes to determine structural constraints in proteins [21]. Employing endogenous probes for EPR detection only causes minimal functional perturbation to the biomolecules. Another advantage of such centres is that they are firmly anchored in the protein and, therefore, are not fraught with the problem of flexible linkers as the commonly used spin labels. For all these reasons, the methodology is becoming increasingly attractive but at the same time PELDOR experiments involving prosthetic group are very limited and restricted to S = 1/2 or high-spin metal centres for which the transition can be selected, mainly copper, iron-sulphur and manganese centres [22–25].