China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pleural disease induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Bromocriptine, an ergot derivative with potent dopamine receptor agonist activity, activates postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The dopamine neurons modulate the secretion of prolactin and result in decreased prolactin levels. The drug is used in patients with acromegaly, as it lowers elevated levels of growth hormone. In addition, it has been used in Parkinson’s disease, an entity in which there is progressive deficiency of dopamine synthesis in the substantia nigra. Chronic use of bromocriptine and other dopamine agonists (cabergoline, mesulergine and lisuride) or the ergoline methysergide can induce pleuropulmonary pathology.
*
Published in Asim Kurjak, Ultrasound and Infertility, 2020
Joseph G. Schenker, Aby Lewin, Menashe Ben-David
Our early observations indicate that prolactin also exerts a direct effect on the ovaries interfering with gonadal response to exogenous gonadotropins. In addition, binding sites for prolactin were found to exist in human granulosa cells. Also, it was shown that prolactin, added to granulosa cells growing in vitro, may inhibit aromatase activity resulting in a decrease of estradiol synthesis and an accumulation of androgens. Thus, it is most likely that hyperprolactinemia induces infertility by acting on both levels: the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and the ovaries.
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Levels of prolactin range from 0 to 18 ng/mL by the RAI method. Abnormalities of prolactin levels can be excessive and an indicator of pituitary dysfunction. See Rea, Chemical Sensitivity, Volume II, Chapter 12.875
Effects of whole-body vibration on reproductive physiology in a rat model of whole-body vibration
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
K. Krajnak, S. Waugh, D. Welcome, X.S. Xu, C. Warren, W. McKinney, R.G. Dong
In males, treatment with WBV reduced spermatid numbers and circulating prolactin concentrations, but increased levels of circulating testosterone. The change in circulating prolactin concentrations may have been related to stress as evidenced by alterations in eating patterns and metabolic stress which were found to alter circulating prolactin concentrations and testosterone concentrations (Corona et al. 2009; Koivisto et al. 2009; Krajnak et al. 1994; Seuscun et al. 1985). Both elevations and decreases in circulating prolactin concentrations have been associated alterations in reproductive function in males (Krajnak et al. 1995; Koivisto et al. 2009; Seuscun et al. 1985). However, as stated above, additional work needs to be performed to determine if the changes in prolactin and testosterone were the result of a general change in circulating hormone concentrations or due to a shift in rhythmic release of these hormones. WBV exposure also resulted in diminished levels of eNos and iNos in the pituitary. If the fall in transcript expression was accompanied by a reduction in enzyme concentrations, these changes may have resulted in diminished blood flow within or to the pituitary potentially affecting gonadotropin and prolactin synthesis, release, and delivery to peripheral tissues.
Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
M.I. Banton, J.S. Bus, J.J. Collins, E. Delzell, H.-P. Gelbke, J.E. Kester, M.M. Moore, R. Waites, S.S. Sarang
The physiology of prolactin changes should be considered. The only known physiological function of prolactin is the stimulation of milk production and many normal stress situations may lead to elevations without any chemical exposure (Theorell et al. 1990). Although screening or guideline studies do not exist for experimental verification of the human observations, mechanistic studies in animal on dopamine, the prolactin-regulating neurotransmitter, do not support an explanation of how styrene may affect prolactin levels (Gagnaire et al. 2006; Jarry et al. 2002; Umemura et al. 2005). Therefore, given the lack of a plausible mechanistic explanation, coupled with the nature of the changes, unspecific acute workplace-related stress is a possible alternative explanation to styrene exposure in these workers. Workplace stress is certainly possible for laminators in the FRP industry, given the high physical demand, working in confined spaces often associated with higher temperatures, or wearing of respiratory masks. Also, styrene has a strong and unpleasant odor which may be a contributing factor. In addition, at high exposures, acute reversible effects such as headache, dizziness, and fatigue can occur and these may also influence prolactin levels. As habituation to stress leads to a decrease in prolactin level, this could explain why prolactin changes are observed with acute recent (and not subchronic/chronic) exposures as indicated by Luderer et al. (2004). None of the reported studies with styrene-exposed workers considered a possible influence of stress on prolactin serum concentrations, and no information is available for the studies of Mutti et al. (1984) and Bergamaschi et al. (1996), Bergamaschi et al. (1997) as to whether or how stress was taken into consideration when selecting control groups. The study of Luderer et al. (2004) did not include a control group. Therefore, workplace-related stress in FRP workers is a plausible explanation for observed prolactin elevations and no specific (neuro)endocrine mode of actions has been identified for styrene.