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Thin-Layer Chromatography in Clinical Chemistry
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Steroid hormones are secreted by the adernal cortex, ovary, testis, corpus luteum, and placenta. They are derivatives of tetracyclic hydrocarbons and are based on the cyclopenta-[a]-phenanthrene skeleton. The steroid hormones are defined by their physiological functions. The main classes of steroid hormones include androgens, testrogens, progestogens, glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, and vitamin D. The estrogens and androgens are female and male sex hormones. The progestogens are involved in the preparation and maintenance of pregnancy. The glucocorticoids have a distinct effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Excessive secretion of glucocorticoids causes Cushing’s syndrome, and deficiency causes Addison’s disease. They also have remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic action. Mineral corticoids promote the retention of Na+ and the loss of K+ by the kidneys. Through this action, mineralocorticoids maintain water and salt balance in the body. Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of calcium transport.
The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Sarah E. Alexander, Alexander C. Pollock, Séverine Lamon
Estrogens and progestogens are the major female hormones. Estrogens are produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary, the placenta and to a lesser extent by adipose and other peripheral tissues, and are responsible for the development, regulation and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics (Cui, Shen, & Li, 2013). The major bioactive estrogens are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) (Cui et al., 2013). Progestogens, including the most abundant form progesterone, are primarily produced by the corpus luteum of the ovary and regulate the female menstrual cycle and pregnancy (Taraborrelli, 2015). The specific receptors for estrogens (ER) and progestogens (PR) are also expressed in human skeletal muscle (Ekenros et al., 2017). Unlike androgens and progestogens, which have a single receptor (the AR and the PR), there are multiple ERs found in both the cytosol (ERα and ERβ) and the sarcolemma of myocytes, including the g-protein coupled estrogen receptors (GPER), estrogen receptor-X (ER-X) and Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER). These receptors act together to facilitate the function of female sex hormones in the regulation of muscle mass and contractility. The reason for multiple estrogen receptors in skeletal muscle is unclear but may stem from evolution.