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Eczema
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
Isopropyl alcohol or denatured ethyl alcohol is extensively used in hospitals for cleansing the skin. Contact sensitivity to alcohol is uncommon, but may occur. Agents added to denatured alcohol are neither potent nor frequent sensitizers. Hexachlorophene, once a very popular disinfectant, rarely caused contact allergy. It is now recommended that its use be restricted because it has various systemic effects including neurotoxicity. Chlorhexidine is a common disinfectant with a low sensitizing capacity. Accidental sensitization to benzalkonium chloride used as a disinfectant for the skin and sometimes for surgical instruments has occurred, but is probably rare among hospital personnel. Iodine compounds such as tincture of iodine and iodoform are sensitizers and may give rise to systemic effects. Povidone iodine (Betadine®) is said to be a safe disinfectant, although allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in connection with its use. Hospital personnel may be exposed to formaldehyde when it is used for sterilizing instruments, as a disinfectant, or in laboratories for fixing tissues. Formaldehyde is a primary irritant and a fairly common sensitizer. Glutaraldehyde used for sterilization of instruments has caused contact sensitivity among hospital personnel. The disinfectant dodecyl-di-(amino-ethyl) glycine which is marketed under various trade names (Tego®, Tego® 103G, Desimex®, and Ampholyt G®) may sensitize hospital workers.
Modified cotton gauze with nano-Ag decorated alginate microcapsules and chitosan loaded with PVP-I
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Hamed Hajimirzababa, Ramin Khajavi, Mohammad Mirjalili, Mohammad KarimRahimi
Wound dressings made of alginate prevent wound dehydration by absorbing exudates and producing gel. Due to the fact that it decreases pain and makes the changing of wound dressing easy (Knill et al., 2004), it can be applied for the curing and healing of different grades of injury, trauma, burn, and regular cutting wounds (Gupta, 2010). The adjacently placed chitosan and alginate form a chitosan/alginate complex, as a result of the interaction between the amino groups of chitosan and the carboxylic groups of the alginate (Li, Zhang, & Pan, 2016). This complex provides a suitable substrate for drug delivery via the micro or nanocapsules of alginate in the presence of calcium ion (Lertsutthiwong, Noomun, Jongaroonngamsang, Rojsitthisak, & Nimmannit, 2008; Wujie, Jung, & Xiaoming, 2017). As a result of the porosity of the polymeric network of this complex, its placement on cotton gauze can control penetration. Chitosan and alginate, individually and in combination with each other have been used to develop modern wound dressing (Taqieddin, Lee, & Amiji, 2002). Several studies have attempted to prepare drug delivery systems with these biopolymers and investigated nanoparticles like Ag, TiO2, ZnO, and Ag2O (Abbasipour et al., 2014; Aranaz et al., 2009; Honarkar & Barikani, 2009; Hu, Chan, & Szeto, 2008; Marie Arockianathan, Sekar, Sankar, Kumaran, & Sastry, 2012). Iodine and povidone-iodine (consists of polyvinylpyrrolidone and iodine) are common antiseptic agents which show high potent in this field (Angel, Morey, Storer, & Mwipatayi, 2008; Miño de Kaspar et al., 2005).
Repurposing pharmaceutical excipients as an antiviral agent against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Manisha Malani, Prerana Salunke, Shraddha Kulkarni, Gaurav K. Jain, Afsana Sheikh, Prashant Kesharwani, Jayabalan Nirmal
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a complex which slowly releases free iodine in the solution. This free iodine leads to the iodination of lipid and oxidation of cytoplasmic and membrane compounds. It also leads to impede protein synthesis and alteration of cell membranes by interacting with amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids after penetrating the cell wall. This underlying mechanism of action leads to vigorous microbicidal activity by various approach including the disturbance of microbial metabolic pathways along with destabilization of the structural components which leads to irreversible damage of cell as shown in Figure 1 [126,127]. PVP-I is useful in preventing infection and limiting the spread of human and avian influenza viruses [127].
Boosting osteogenic potential and bone regeneration by co-cultured cell derived extracellular matrix incorporated porous electrospun scaffold
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Andrew Padalhin, Reiza Ventura, Boram Kim, Tamanna Sultana, Chan Mi Park, Byong-Taek Lee
Bone regeneration capability using decellularized electrospun membrane was assessed by implanting membrane samples into critical sized rat skull defects. A total of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250–300 g were purchased (Samtaco, Korea) and acclimatized for 1 week in individual cages with ad libitum food and water. Animal experimentation as done based on ethical guidelines with corresponding approval from the Soonchunhyang University Ethical Committee. Anesthetic induction was conducted by placing the rat into a chamber pumped with oxygen with 5% isoflurane gas using a vaporizer (Harvard Apparatus model 34-1040) at a flowrate of 1.4 ml/minute. Once the animal has achieved loss of consciousness and righting reflex, it was removed from the chamber and transferred into a non-rebreathing setup with 2% isoflurane to maintain proper anesthesia. The surgical site was prepared by shaving off all the fur along the cranial region and cleaning the skin with 70% ethanol. The skin was then disinfected using povidone iodine solution prior to creating a 2–3 cm incision to expose the underlying tissues. Periosteal layer was carefully retracted along the side of the skull to expose the bare cranium. A full thickness critical sized defect was created using an 8 mm trephine drill running a 1500 rpm with continuous saline irrigation to prevent heat build-up. Upon removal of the round skull piece from the drilling procedure, 8 mm diameter membranes (PCL/PCL-ECM) were placed within the skull defect. Defects without implants served as control reference. The periosteal tissue was repositioned and the skin layer was sutured closed with 5-0 monofilament nylon. The rat is then removed from the anesthesia setup, transferred in its own cage and allowed to recover completely.