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Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocyclic Compounds
Published in Ahindra Nag, Greener Synthesis of Organic Compounds, Drugs and Natural Products, 2022
We have synthesized a series of new N-(11H-Indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-ylidene)-benzohydrazide and evaluated them for their potential to inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase. This enzyme is involved in the digestion of carbohydrates by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates to liberate free glucose and causing postprandial hyperglycemia. This results in type 2 diabetes mellitus that affects approximately over two billion people worldwide [54]. This health-related problem can be overcome by suppressing hyperglycemia that includes reduction of glucose absorption in the gut. The potent α-glucosidase inhibitors are reported to accomplish this task [55, 56]. The quinoxaline compound [1H-Indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one] (36) was synthesized by refluxing an equimolar amount of o-phenylenediamine (34) and ninhydrin (35) using ethanol/acetic acid (1:1) as the solvent, as shown in Scheme 8.6.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Gum Arabic
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Wadood et al., reported that when the powdered acacia was orally administrated to normal and alloxan-induced diabetes rabbits, it could significantly reduce the concentration of blood glucose in normal rabbits, however, no decrease of blood glucose concentration was observed in diabetic rabbits (Wadood et al., 1989). Thus, the author drew the conclusion that GA could initiate the pancreatic ß cells of normal rabbits to release insulin. Although there was not a clear mechanism under the reduced blood glucose concentration, the mixture of a different kind of gum was evaluated and used as food-grade viscous polysaccharides for an alternative method to reduce the postprandial hyperglycemia. It has shown that the glucose movement in vitro and the postprandial blood glucose could be inhibited and lowered as well as plasma insulin in human subjects by gum mixtures and this may attribute partly to the effect of viscosity on glycemic response, whereas it could slow down the emptiest of gastric (Leclere et al., 1994).
Physiological Energetics
Published in Alan G. Heath, Water Pollution and Fish Physiology, 2018
The feeding of fish has a large effect on their rate of energy metabolism. Feeding causes an increase in the rate which is roughly proportional to the size of the ration up to a saturation level. In seven species investigated by Jobling (1981), there was an average doubling of the routine metabolic rate when fed at saturation level. This postprandial elevation in metabolism persists for a few hours to several days. In the plaice, at least, the size of the ration has little influence on the duration of the postprandial elevation. Most workers have made their measurements either 24 or 48 h postfeeding, which seems to be a reasonable compromise.
In vitro pharmacological screening of antioxidant, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory activities of Citrus aurantifolia Linn. Dried fruit extract
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak, Çiğdem Yücel Aşık, Ahmet Çakır, Esra Köngül Şafak
Diabetes mellitus is a disease of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism characterized by fasting or elevated postprandial plasma glucose levels (Keskin and Balcı 2011). One of the therapeutic approaches for treating diabetes is to decrease postprandial hyperglycemia. For this purpose absorption of glucose is retarded by inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase (Bhandari et al. 2008). Extracts were studied in the 0.25–2 mg/mL concentration range and LBM was found to be more active than the remaining extracts in all the concentrations (Figure 1(b)). At the 0.375 mg/mL concentration α-amylase inhibition % was found for LBW, LBE and LBM as 17.83%, 52.07% and 67.91%, respectively.
Potential application of a low-viscosity and high-transparency xanthan gum produced from Xanthomonas campestris CCTCC M2015714 in foods
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Zichao Wang, Libo Yang, Jianrong Wu, Hongtao Zhang, Li Zhu, Xiaobei Zhan
Apart from the potential benefit of the new xanthan on retarding and sustaining postprandial blood glucose level over time, which can help control the occurrence of high peak and decline of blood glucose level. The hormonal and metabolic responses to postprandial glycemia are becoming mitigated and helpful for physical and mental performance, such as controlling obesity and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.[30] Meanwhile, this new xanthan can be used in starch-based food processing for improving the texture, structure, water mobility, viscosity and stability of food products, thus enhancing the nutritional quality of food.
Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. (Myrothamnaceae) essential oil scavenges free radicals and inhibits carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in vitro
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao, Fatai Oladunni Balogun, Saheed Sabiu, Anofi O. Tom Ashafa
Postprandial hyperglycemia is an event that emanates from meal consumption arising from sugar absorption in the intestinal tract. The control of intestinal glucose uptake or absorption in the tissues is vital if postprandial hyperglycemia is to be regulated [5]. Alpha-glucosidase and α-amylase are essential enzymes playing a prominent role in the therapeutic mechanism of postprandial hyperglycemia because they are involved in starch catabolism in the intestine and pancreas, respectively [6–8].