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Toxic Responses of the Liver
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The liver can be organized into subunits based upon its anatomy or its functions. The anatomical structural subunit is the liver lobule which is simply a hexagon that has a portal triad at each corner and the central vein at the center (Figure 8.1). The portal triad contains branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery and a bile duct. This latter structure carries bile to the gall bladder as described below. The central vein drains blood into the hepatic vein for exit from the liver. Blood flows from the hepatic artery and portal vein branches in the portal triad, mixes in the penetrating vessels, then flows between the plates of hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) to the central vein. Hepatocytes perform most metabolic functions of the liver. Injury to hepatocytes can be classified anatomically in this scheme as periportal (around the portal triad), midzonal, or pericentral (around the central venule).
Occupational toxicology of the liver
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Within the liver, the hepatic artery and portal vein branches, together with the bile-collecting system, form the portal triad. The blood entering the liver travels from the portal triad through the sinusoids to the terminal hepatic venule (or central vein) and is thence returned to the systemic circulation via the hepatic vein. Figure 6.1 depicts the structure of the liver.
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A histological image of the liver tissue cross-section is shown in Figure 1b. The liver tissue consists of about a half to one million small units named lobules. Each lobule usually has a six-sided cross-section structure with 0.5 to width and 1 to length, which itself is composed of millions of basic metabolic cells called hepatocytes (hepatic cells) (Krstic 2013; Rezania et al. 2013). There is a vein located at the centre of each lobule, named as centrilobular or central vein, that carries blood out from the liver lobule (Figure 1(c and d)). At the vertices of each liver lobule, there exists a set of terminal vessels named Portal Tract (PT) or portal triad (Ricken et al. 2018). The blood is directed from portal tracts to the lobule centre through a sinusoid which is a small blood vessel of the open pore capillary type (Figure 1(d)). There is a hepatic portal capillary and a hepatic artery capillary that their streams are mixed across the sinusoid. The mixed blood flows towards the central vein joining to the main right, middle, and left hepatic veins and finally move towards the heart through the inferior vena cava (Rouiller 2013) (Figure 1(a)). As shown in Figure 1(d), there is also a set of Bile Ductules (BD) at the lobule vertices removing the produced bile from the lobule via a set of the bile canaliculi (or bile capillaries), in the opposite direction of the blood flow. The produced bile flows along the bile ductules to reach the gallbladder (Figure 1(a)).