China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Toxic Responses of the Liver
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
In the human, the liver resides principally on the right side of the abdomen just below the diaphragm. The liver receives blood from two sources, the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The hepatic artery contains highly oxygenated blood from the lungs and foreign chemicals absorbed into the blood through the lungs, skin, and other routes. The portal vein carries less oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestines. Blood exits the liver via the hepatic vein. The portal blood contains nutrients, vitamins, and foreign compounds absorbed through the stomach and intestines. Thus, the liver is the first organ to encounter potentially toxic chemicals ingested orally as well as those entering the blood via other pathways. The liver has well-developed detoxification mechanisms and is very efficient at detoxifying and excreting many chemical agents. However, when a chemical agent is incapable of being detoxified or its levels overwhelm the detoxification capacity of the liver, hepatotoxicity will result.
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The portal vein is assessed as part of an upper abdominal examination, using B-mode, spectral and colour Doppler. The portal vein is an important vessel for supplying the liver and can be affected by diffuse liver disease such as cirrhosis. In severe cases of liver disease, the portal vein may become thrombosed and an interventional procedure to insert a stent within the portal vein can be carried out.
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
The liver, as the largest endocrine gland, has many functions and duties in the human body. Among these functions, the liver acts as a refinery producing biochemicals for digestion. One of the liver products is bile, an alkaline compound, that helps to emulsify the lipids in the digestion process. The red blood cells decomposition, glycogen storage regulation, and the hormones production are the other roles of the liver. The liver receives blood from two main vessels, including the hepatic Portal Vein (PV) and Hepatic Artery (HA), as shown in Figure 1(a). These vessels are divided into small capillaries inside the liver. Hepatic portal vein provides de-oxygenated blood, rich in digested nutrients, from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen. This is about 75–80% of the total volume of blood entering the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009). The remainder is provided through the hepatic artery caring fully oxygenated blood, poor in nutrients, from the aorta to the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009).