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Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulation
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Arteries carry core body heat to the skin surface, where it is dissipated or conserved to maintain the body core temperature within tight limits.82 Although arterial blood is warm, arteries are rarely visible thermographically outside of certain anatomical sites where they run close to the skin surface (Figure 5.11). These sites include the antecubital fossa at the elbow, the inguinal fold, the popliteal fossa behind the knee, the radial and ulnar arteries at the wrist, and the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries in the foot. Increased arterial warmth may be due to arteritis or aneurism. Anatomically, arteries are almost always accompanied by one or more veins, making it difficult to determine arterial from venous warmth. Arteries over the scalp, though located close to the skin surface, are rarely visible because the usually warm cranium tends to mask their appearance. When scalp arteries show up thermographically, arterial inflammation should be considered.
Cardiovascular system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The patient is then asked to turn onto their unaffected side to allow access to the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee of the affected leg. The probe is positioned to show the popliteal artery in the longitudinal plane, scanning down to the tibio-peroneal trunk in the calf. In some cases, further imaging of the iliac and crural vessels may be performed. Any plaque formation and its appearance are noted on B mode. The dynamics of blood flow can be demonstrated using colourflow Doppler (Fig. 9.54a). Abnormal turbulent blood flow at a site may be demonstrated on the image as a mosaic of colours, the highest velocities normally being demonstrated as the palest shades.
Intravital Microscopy
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Mario Perro, Jacky G. Goetz, Antonio Peixoto
Several secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and bone marrow as well as the inguinal, popliteal, and cervical mesenteric lymph nodes (LN), have been observed by IVM. For IVM of LNs, the surgical preparation is dependent on their location. For the popliteal LN, a midline vertical incision in midcalf is performed at the level of the popliteal fossa, and the lymph node is separated from the surrounding tissue while taking care to spare blood and lymph vessels. Stabilization of this preparation is performed by fixing the leg, tail, and/or spine of the animal (Mempel et al., 2004; Liou et al., 2012). For the inguinal LN IVM preparation, the LN is surgically exposed by creating a skin flap that is stabilized by compressing an O-ring surrounding the organ with a Plexiglas support (Miller et al., 2003) or by fixing traction sutures inserted in the skin flap to a Plexiglas stage (von Andrian, 1996). For the cervical lymph node, an incision is performed at the ventrolateral level of the neck to create a skin flap, and the fat tissue covering the submandibular gland is split and turned outward to expose the LN (Schramm et al., 2006). For IVM of the mesenteric LN and spleen, a laparotomy is performed to externalize the organs, and stabilization is achieved by bonding them to a modified Petri-dish equipped with a cover glass (Grayson et al., 2003) or by compression with a cover glass using a spring-loaded platform (Arnon et al., 2013). Recently, an optical window for the inguinal LN has been developed for longitudinal studies (Meijer et al., 2017). To perform cranial bone marrow IVM, a midline incision is performed in the scalp and the frontoparietal skull. A plastic ring is inserted to spread the skin, and stabilization of the preparation is achieved by placing the animal in a stereotaxic holder (Mazo et al., 1998). Alternatively, a cranial window can be used for longitudinal cranial or femur bone marrow IVM (Chen et al., 2016; Le et al., 2017). The use of IVM techniques to investigate the inner working of the immune system have been influential in defining the multistep cascade of events necessary for leukocyte trafficking to the secondary lymphoid organs (Butcher, 1991; Springer, 1994), T cell immune responses in LNs (Miller et al., 2003), immune responses against Listeria in the spleen (Waite et al., 2011) or against vaccinia and vesicular stomatitis virus (Hickman et al., 2008), Toxoplasma in the LNs (Chtanova et al., 2008), mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow (Kohler et al., 2011), and engraftment of tumor cells in the bone marrow (Sipkins et al., 2005).
An exploratory study of the use of ultrasound in the measurement of anterior tibial translation under gastrocnemius muscle stimulation
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2021
Phillis Soek Po Teng, Kah Fai Leong, Philip Yi Xian Phua, Pui Wah Kong
For the main test trials, the participants lay in a prone position with the ankle and thigh strapped to an isokinetic dynamometer (Humac Norm, CSMI, Massachusetts, USA, Figure 1). To simulate single-landing positions, knee flexion angle was fixed at 10° and ankle plantar flexion angle was fixed at 30°. These joint angles were similar to those at the initial touchdown of single-landings observed by Kim and Jeon (2016) (mean knee flexion angle = 13.6° and mean ankle plantar flexion angle = 31.7°). To capture tibia movements during muscle contraction, an ultrasound imaging probe set at 12 MHz (LOGIQ e Ultrasound, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) was positioned at the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee, over the posterior medial femoral condyle and posterior medial tibial condyle (Figure 1) (Gebhard et al., 1999; Palm et al., 2009). The probe could not be fixed but had to be adjusted manually to obtain a sharp image under the different stimulation levels. The femur in the ultrasound image was maintained at a similar position throughout the different stimulation levels. This was to safeguard against the apparent movement of the tibia that was caused by the shifting of the probe, relative to the skin. The tester, who performed the ultrasound scanning in this study, underwent a half-day training regarding the use of the ultrasound imaging system and practised for three months before data collection.
The determination of the validity of an application-based knee-training device
Published in Assistive Technology, 2019
Hauke Horstmann, Eva Krost, Bastian Welke, Arno Kerling, Alexander Hanke, Eike Jakubowitz, Thomas Sanjay Weber-Spickschen
The second part of the application is a game, which is intended to improve the users’ coordination for achieving better rehabilitation results. In the application, the user is piloting a plane for duration of 100 s. Extending the knee and pressing the popliteal fossa in a dosed and dynamic manner against the knee device can achieve the steering of the plane. In the game, the plane flies through an animated sky with balloons. The force of the popliteal fossa on the device guides the height of the aircraft in the sky. The stronger the force, the higher the aeroplane will fly. In order to achieve a higher score, the plane needs to exactly follow a designated path of balloons. By following this path of balloons, they will be burst with the front propeller. The player of the game gets points with every bursted balloon.