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Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Similar to the hand and wrist, multiple peripheral nerves pass by the ankle to innervate the foot. Nerves are distributed to the plantar aspect and the dorsum, and have sensory and/or motor functions. Muscles (described in Section 8.4) contract in response to the stimuli of motor nerves. End branches of the fibular nerve of the leg supply both the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot and the anterior and lateral muscles of the leg which act on the foot and ankle. Branches of the tibial nerve connect to the plantar intrinsic muscles and the posterior muscles of the leg which act on the foot and ankle.
A multi-channel peripheral nerve stimulator with integrate-and-fire encoding
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Aritra Kundu, Ahmed Fahmy, Ryan Madler, Kevin Otto, Erin Patrick, Jose Principe, Nima Maghari, Rizwan Bashirullah
A 3–4-cm long cutaneous incision was made at the lateral aspect of the left hindlimb over the femur region. The sciatic nerve was exposed by bluntly dissecting to separate the biceps femoris and glutaeus maximus muscles. The nerve was exposed proximally to the ileofemoral ligament and distally (1–1.5 cm) from the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve into tibial, peroneal and sural branches. They were carefully freed from the connecting tissues. Figure 15 shows the in vivo experimental setup. The tungsten microwire electrode was inserted into the sciatic nerve in a proximal location and a recording bi-polar cuff electrode was placed 10 − 14 mm distal to the stimulating electrode around the tibial nerve. All surgery and implantation were carried out under a surgical microscope (V8 Stereomicroscope, Zeiss; Jena, Germany) for precise wound opening and electrode placement. Stimulation trains consisting of cathode leading charge-balanced pulses ranging from 2 to 90 µA were delivered in random order through the microwire electrode to the tibial nerve. The trains were repeated 20 times with pulse-widths of 30, 50, 70, 90, 100 and 200 µs at a stimulation frequency of 1 Hz. The resultant compound nerve action potentials (CNAPs) from electrical stimulation were sampled at 48 kHz by a RZ5D recording bioamplifier (Tucker Davis Technology, Alachua, FL) and stored for processing.
Cortical and spinal excitabilities are differently balanced in power athletes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Sidney Grosprêtre, Amandine Bouguetoch, Alain Martin
In session A, the posterior tibial nerve was stimulated with a self-adhesive cathode (8 mm diameter, Ag-AgCL) placed in the popliteal fossa and an anode (5 × 10 cm, Medicompex SA, Ecublens, Switzerland) placed over the patella. In session B, to evoke FCR H-reflexes, two AgCl surface electrodes (8 mm diameter) were positioned in line with the median nerve up to the cubital fossa and below the biceps muscle belly, with the cathode 2.5 cm proximal to the anode. Optimal stimulation sites were first located by a hand-held cathode ball electrode (0.5 cm diameter) in order to obtain the greatest H-reflex amplitudes for the lowest stimulation intensity. During each session, particular care was taken to avoid EMG responses from the antagonist muscles (TA and ECR for sessions A and B, respectively) to the stimulation. This was made possible by checking antagonist EMG after each stimulation to ensure that no visible M- or H-wave could be elicited. Once the optimal sites were determined, stimulation electrodes were firmly fixed to them with straps.