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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Heel pain – plantar fasciitis is inflammatory thickening of the plantar fascia, usually at the origin from the calcaneum and is a common cause of heel pain. The diagnosis is usually clinical but in refractory cases ultrasound can be used to confirm the diagnosis, exclude other conditions such as plantar fibroma or fibromatosis or to guide steroid injection. Achilles tendon pathology is another common cause of heel pain located posteriorly. Chronic tendinopathy is very common as the Achilles tendon also carries a major load during ambulation and is subject to acute inflammation or tears sometimes related to relatively trivial trauma. Ultrasound and MRI can establish the diagnosis of tendinopathy and assess the presence of tears. Partial or complete rupture can be assessed. Dynamic ultrasound can also assess the tendon gap in complete rupture.
Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Plantar fasciitis, inflammation of the plantar fascia, causes pain at and in front of the heel, which often is severe with the first steps taken in the morning. McKinley and O’Loughlin (2006) point to several possible causes including weight-bearing activities (lifting heavy objects, running, or walking), excessive body weight, improperly fitting shoes, and poor biomechanics due to wearing high-heeled shoes or having flat feet. An orthotic, when combined with an adjustable soft splint worn at night, has been found to provide effective treatment of plantar fasciitis for some people (Lee, Wong, Kung, & Leung, 2012).
The biomechanical difference between running with traditional and 3D printed orthoses
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Shiwei Mo, Sam H.S. Leung, Zoe Y.S. Chan, Louis K.Y. Sze, Kam-Ming Mok, Patrick S.H. Yung, Reed Ferber, Roy T.H. Cheung
During running, the foot exhibits between 6–8 degrees of rearfoot eversion in order to improve shock absorption during the weight acceptance phase (Cheung, Chung, & Ng, 2011; Donatelli, 1985). Prolonged and/or excessive foot pronation may lower the medial longitudinal arch and increase tension of the plantar fascia (Bolgla & Malone, 2004; Ferber & Hettinga, 2016), thereby resulting in plantar fasciitis. Additionally, increased impact forces experienced during running could lead to increased tension to the plantar fascia (Bolgla & Malone, 2004), suggesting a relationship between high vertical loading rate and the development of this MSK injury (Davis & Futrell, 2016; Pohl et al., 2009). However, few studies have investigated the inter-relationships among excessive foot eversion, high impact loading, and plantar fasciitis.