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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Heel pain – plantar fasciitis is inflammatory thickening of the plantar fascia, usually at the origin from the calcaneum and is a common cause of heel pain. The diagnosis is usually clinical but in refractory cases ultrasound can be used to confirm the diagnosis, exclude other conditions such as plantar fibroma or fibromatosis or to guide steroid injection. Achilles tendon pathology is another common cause of heel pain located posteriorly. Chronic tendinopathy is very common as the Achilles tendon also carries a major load during ambulation and is subject to acute inflammation or tears sometimes related to relatively trivial trauma. Ultrasound and MRI can establish the diagnosis of tendinopathy and assess the presence of tears. Partial or complete rupture can be assessed. Dynamic ultrasound can also assess the tendon gap in complete rupture.
Lower extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
William C. Whiting, Ronald F. Zernicke
Plantar fasciitis: The plantar fascia is a tough, fibrous band of connective tissue running along the plantar surface of the foot, parallel to the longitudinal arch. Compressive forces associated with load-bearing activities (e.g., running) flatten the longitudinal arch of the foot and stretch the plantar fascia. Repeated loading can cause microtears or partial rupture of fascial fibres (in the midfoot or at the insertion site on the medial tuberosity of the calcaneus) with inflammation — plantar fasciitis (PF). Plantar fascia forces during running have been estimated at 1.3–2.9 times body weight (Scott and Winter, 1990). Lack of flexibility exacerbates plantar fasciitis. Calcaneal tendon tightness limits ankle dorsiflexion and results in greater plantar fascial stress. Ankle strength and flexibility deficits have been reported in the symptomatic feet (Kibler et al., 1991).
Designing for Foot and Ankle Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The superficial and deep fascia, in sheets of tissue, envelop the muscles and support tendons, blood vessels, and nerves. Fascia is a living tissue which constantly regenerates itself. This ongoing remodeling process helps to keep the foot flexible unless foot motion is restricted in some way. The plantar fascia—a thin sheet of tissue toward the bottom of the foot, with its thicker central portion, the plantar aponeurosis—holds the parts of the foot together, protects the sole from injury and supports the foot (Moore et al., 2014, p. 610). Tightness in the plantar aponeurosis creates a mechanical windlass effect (Hicks, 1954), raising and shortening the arch when the big toe is passively extended (Fuller, 2000).
The biomechanical difference between running with traditional and 3D printed orthoses
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Shiwei Mo, Sam H.S. Leung, Zoe Y.S. Chan, Louis K.Y. Sze, Kam-Ming Mok, Patrick S.H. Yung, Reed Ferber, Roy T.H. Cheung
During running, the foot exhibits between 6–8 degrees of rearfoot eversion in order to improve shock absorption during the weight acceptance phase (Cheung, Chung, & Ng, 2011; Donatelli, 1985). Prolonged and/or excessive foot pronation may lower the medial longitudinal arch and increase tension of the plantar fascia (Bolgla & Malone, 2004; Ferber & Hettinga, 2016), thereby resulting in plantar fasciitis. Additionally, increased impact forces experienced during running could lead to increased tension to the plantar fascia (Bolgla & Malone, 2004), suggesting a relationship between high vertical loading rate and the development of this MSK injury (Davis & Futrell, 2016; Pohl et al., 2009). However, few studies have investigated the inter-relationships among excessive foot eversion, high impact loading, and plantar fasciitis.