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Musculoskeletal system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Heel pain – plantar fasciitis is inflammatory thickening of the plantar fascia, usually at the origin from the calcaneum and is a common cause of heel pain. The diagnosis is usually clinical but in refractory cases ultrasound can be used to confirm the diagnosis, exclude other conditions such as plantar fibroma or fibromatosis or to guide steroid injection. Achilles tendon pathology is another common cause of heel pain located posteriorly. Chronic tendinopathy is very common as the Achilles tendon also carries a major load during ambulation and is subject to acute inflammation or tears sometimes related to relatively trivial trauma. Ultrasound and MRI can establish the diagnosis of tendinopathy and assess the presence of tears. Partial or complete rupture can be assessed. Dynamic ultrasound can also assess the tendon gap in complete rupture.
Tissue Biomechanics
Published in Ronald L. Huston, Principles of Biomechanics, 2008
Perhaps the best known of the ligaments are those in the legs and particularly in the knees. Specifically, at the knee, there are ligaments on the sides (the medial collateral and lateral collateral ligaments) connecting the tibia and femur, and also crossing between the sides of the tibia and fibula (the anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate ligaments). These ligaments are subject to injury in many sports and even in routine daily activities. Similarly, the familiar tendons are the patellar tendon and the Achilles tendon (or heel cord) providing for leg extension and plantar flexion of the foot.
Effects of footwear and heel elevation on tensile load in the Achilles tendon during treadmill walking†
Published in Footwear Science, 2018
Torsten Brauner, Sue Hooper, Thomas Horstmann, Scott Wearing
The findings of the current study have significant clinical implications for the use of footwear in the prevention and rehabilitation of Achilles tendon disorders. Prevention and early rehabilitation strategies typically focus on reducing the magnitude of tendon loading in Achilles tendon disorders. Based on the findings of the current study, it is estimated that a heel elevation of 58 mm would be needed for peak tendon loads to be similar to those observed during BF walking. Given that heightened tendon loading has also been shown to yield positive structural, biochemical, and biomechanical effects on tendon (Arampatzis, Karamanidis, & Albracht, 2007; Bohm, Mersmann, Tettke, Kraft, & Arampatzis, 2014; Kongsgaard et al., 2010), footwear with typical heel elevations (as used in this study) may be beneficial in the later stages of Achilles tendon rehabilitation.