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Agricultural biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Like humans and animals, plants are also afflicted with diseases that not only damage the plant structure but also affect the yield. Farmers and plant breeders have identified various types of diseases present in plants based on their routine checkups. In this section, we will discuss plant pathology and its causes and learn how various diseases produce harmful effects on plants. Plant pathology, also known as phytopathology, is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Some organisms that cause infectious diseases in plants are fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, viruslike organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes, and parasitic plants. Aside from these, there are also insects, mites, vertebrates, and other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also studies the identification, etiology, cycle, economic impact, epidemiology, and management of plant diseases (Figure 6.10).
A Systematic Review of Recent Machine Learning Techniques for Plant Disease Identification and Classification
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Like humans and animals, plants can also be diseased. The range of plant diseases is much broader because several plant species are involved in horticulture, agriculture, and forestry. Plant pathology (Phytopathology) [18] is the biological study of the various diseases or infections in plants originated by pathogens (contagious organisms) and physiological factors. Furthermore, it also involves the study and analysis of responsible pathogens which causes specific disease and certain methods to manage and prevent plant diseases. Plant pathology is also associated with other branches such as bacteriology, entomology, virology, and mycology due to the harmful effects of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and insects on plants. A symptom or sign is a pronounced effect of the disease, and symptoms may be noticeable changes in the plant's shape, color, or functional properties [7]. Plant disease [19] can be defined as an impairment of the plant's ordinary condition, which modifies or interrupts its essential functions. It occurs due to an abnormality in the plants’ form, behavior, or physiology. The diseases in plants can be classified based on several parameters: infected plant type, infected organ, and variety of phytopathogen. The latter is observed as the most useful standard for classifying plant diseases, as it determines the causes of plant diseases, their complications, and a specific method to control and manage them. According to this criterion [20], Diseases can be caused by infectious agents (responsible pathogens like fungus, bacteria, or viruses, protozoa, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, nematodes) and noninfectious agents (physiological factors such as temperature and weather conditions, Nutrition deficiency, etc.) The diseases generated by specific noninfectious agents are abiotic diseases that do not escalate from one plant to another. Examples of such diseases are salt injury, soil compaction, nutritional deficiencies, ice, and sun scorch [9].