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Animal Connection Challenges
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Viruses spread in many ways. Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by insects and other organisms, known as vectors (a person, animal or microorganism that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism). Some viruses of animals, including humans, are spread by exposure to infected bodily fluids. Viruses such as influenza are spread through the air by droplets of moisture when people cough or sneeze. Viruses such as norovirus are transmitted by the fecal–oral route, which involves the contamination of hands, food and water. Rotavirus is often spread by direct contact with infected children. HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, is transmitted by bodily fluids transferred during sexual relations. Others, such as the Dengue virus, are spread by blood-sucking insects.
Selection and Improvement of Industrial Organisms for Biotechnological Applications
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
With regard to engineering plants against viruses, when the viral coat of a plant virus is engineered into a plant, that plant usually becomes resistant to the virus from which the coat comes. Often the plant is also resistant against other unrelated viruses.
Nanophytovirology Approach to Combat Plant Viral Diseases
Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
Sanjana Varma, Neha Jaiswal, Niraj Vyawahare, Anil T Pawar, Rashmi S Tupe, Varsha Wankhade, Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth, Bhushan P Chaudhari
It has been estimated that by 2050, global population growth will exceed 9 billion people. Globally, one of the major challenges facing humanity is food security. The various abiotic, like climate change, and biotic factors (pests) are the reasons for the occurrence of challenges in food security (Elmer and White, 2018; Farooq et al., 2021). Plant pathogens are the major contributing factor to the food security challenge because they are responsible for substantial quantitative and qualitative loss of the crops (Farooq et al., 2021). These phytopathogens are accountable for about 10-40% losses in the quality and yield of food crops and horticultural produce. The major causative agents for plant diseases are viruses, fungi, bacteria, and nematodes (Rajwade et al., 2020). Plant viruses or phytoviruses are responsible for the austere negative effect on agriculture due to their rapid mutation, genetic diversity, and shortage of their controlling ways (Farooq et al., 2021). One evaluation says that around 50% of emerging plant diseases were due to viruses (Vargas-Hernandez et al., 2020). Phytoviruses are the major threat to crops, globally, and are responsible for an annual economic effect of over $30 billion (Farooq et al., 2021). It has been also reported that greater than 700 crop species are infected by around 900 species of phytoviruses. Around 20% loss of cultivation worldwide is due to viruses. Various factors like viral concentration, stage of infection, physiological factors, type of host, time of replication and strain of virus decide the infectivity of plant viral infections. Commonly visible symptoms of viral infections in plants are dry leaves, mottling, necrosis, malformation of fruits, plant stunting, also death (Vargas-Hernandez et al., 2020). Phytoviruses comprise either simple DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) as their genetic material. Plant viruses transmission mainly occurs through vectors, i.e., insect pests and also through human activities, although non-vector routes of transmission also exist. The attributes like genomic diversity, great potential to adapt to the environment, transmission through various vectors, rapid evolution, and dynamic genetic structure owes to the difficulty of their control among all the plant disease causing pathogens (Farooq et al., 2021). The major economically and scientifically significant top 10 plant viruses are tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato spotted wilt virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, cauliflower mosaic virus, African cassavamosaic virus, Plum pox virus, Bromemosaic virus, and Potato virus X (Khater et al., 2017; Rajwade et al., 2020; Tortella et al., 2021).
Synthesis and modelling of the mechanical properties of Ag, Au and Cu nanowires
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Nurul Akmal Che Lah, Sonia Trigueros
The vast development in bioconjugation technologies permitted the use of ‘unfriendly’ biological molecules and this includes the famous rod-like plant TMV as an ideal soft biological templates for forming high aspect ratio Cu nanowires [156]. TMV ‘template’ is a useful biological template which is stable over a wide range of pH. TMV is a non-toxic plant virus structured as a hollow cylinder with a length of ca. 300 nm and the outer and inner diameters of 18 and 4 nm, respectively. TMV-templated Cu-nanorods were fabricated through a two-step electroless deposition process on immobilised wild-type TMV consisted of two stacked rings each of 17 subunits and helical rods. In the first stage, the surface of the virus template was activated by Pd nanoparticles on the surface. In the second stage, the Pd nanoparticles acted as an active site for selective catalytic reduction of Cu2+, leading to the growth of nanocrystal and the continuous formation of Cu coating on the template.
Intelligent computing for unsteady flow of a hybrid nanofluid over a stretching/shrinking surface: an application of artificial neural networks
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Touseef Sabir, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja, Muhammad Abdul Rehman Khan, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
With the advancement in solution techniques, many researchers used modern solution techniques based on neural networks and artificial intelligence to tackle the various problems related to fractional calculation [31], fluid dynamics [32–38], bioinformatics such as plant virus spreading [39], COVID-19 prediction and spreading model [40], HIV and dengue spreading [41,42] Heartbeat model [43]. Solution methodologies based on principles of artificial intelligence are so designed to tackle the non-linear behavior of differential equations pertaining to various fields. Application of this latest solution methodology based on artificial intelligence to the unsteady flow problem over a stretching/shrinking surface is still an innovative work.
Intelligent solution predictive networks for non-linear tumor-immune delayed model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Nabeela Anwar, Iftikhar Ahmad, Adiqa Kausar Kiani, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja
In addition to the literature on tumor-immune systems based on delay differential equations employing various analytical and traditional numerical techniques, soft computing paradigms are required to utilize for tumor-immune models due to their significance, efficacy, and stability. The research workers have already implemented soft computing paradigm for a variety of research challenges (Altaf et al. 2022; Khan, Raja, Khan, et al. 2022; Mehmood et al. 2022; Raja et al. 2022a; Raja, Awan, et al. 2022; Raja, Shoaib, Khan, et al. 2022; Raja, Naz et al. 2022; Ulla Khan et al. 2022). Some most advanced and recent applications of soft computing paradigm based on artificial intelligence are non-linear nervous stomach model (Sabir et al. 2022), non-linear model of influenza epidemic (Sabir et al. 2022), quartic autocatalysis chemical responses of Ree-Eyring dissipative system of fluid flow (Shoaib et al. 2022), chaotic fractional non-linear Rossler system (Bukhari et al. 2022), autoregressive systems (Chaudhary et al. 2022), computer virus countermeasures model (Raja, Mehmood, et al. 2022), viscoelastic fluid flow problems (Raja et al. 2022b), fuzzy recommender systems (Khan, Raja, Chaudhary, et al. 2022), non-linear plant virus models (Anwar et al. 2022). The above literature on soft computing infrastructures is the motivation factor for the researchers to utilize reliable and comprehensive alternative frameworks based on a soft computing platforms to deal with the non-linear tumor-immune model consisting of delay differential equations. This novel research trend is utilized by the authors in this study by implementing the soft computing paradigm based on artificial intelligence to explore the dynamic patterns of the non-linear TID model.