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Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials
Published in Atul Babbar, Ankit Sharma, Vivek Jain, Dheeraj Gupta, Additive Manufacturing Processes in Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Large bone defects occur in patients because of various complications; trauma and cancerous and infectious bone surgery play a major role in them. With surgical advancement, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, survival tenure for cancerous patients with osteosarcoma has enhanced dramatically, such as from 20% to 70% for individuals with a cancerous distal femur. With the evolution of limb salvage surgeries, the biomechanical functioning of a limb has been restored by incorporating an implant together with regeneration of the surrounding soft tissue. Unfortunately, in pediatric patients especially, amputations cannot still be avoided. Since most of the implants are predesigned for adult patients, even an 8-year-old pediatric patient suffering from a primary malignant bone tumor is recommended for amputation because of a lack of availability of implants at the pediatric scale. In addition, amputations can often result in severe complications, such as wound care, neuromas, chronic pain, poor residual limb padding, recurrent ulceration, and impaired limb function [168]. The advancement in AM technology has now enabled us to provide a design perfectly compatible with the specific anatomy of a patient. For example, the perfect conjugation of the implant with a patient’s medullary canal is possible to produce a “press fit design”. A patient-specific implant as delivered by AM technology can minimize strain associated with implant loosening, fracture history, and dislocations.
Swarm Intelligence-based Framework for Image Segmentation of Knee MRI Images for Detection of Bone Cancer
Published in Shikha Agrawal, Manish Gupta, Jitendra Agrawal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Kamlesh Kumar Gupta, Swarm Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2022
Sujatha Jamuna Anand, C Tamilselvi, Dahlia Sam, C Kamatchi, Nibedita Dey, K. Sujatha
Bone growth is an uncommon disease that creates a disturbance in the bone called bone tumour. Malignant growth of the bone is known as Osteosarcoma. At the point when a bone malignancy starts to develop, the disease cells increase and begin to demolish the bone. The uncontrolled bone growth in the regions of knee, wrist, shoulder and pelvis causes bone tumour. Thirty different types of bone tumours are identified. The most widely recognized type is the osteosarcoma. There could be a development of a stage state, which spreads out with other parts or to organs known as metastasis. The various phases of bone tumor are Phase I: the malignancy confined to that bone structure alonePhase II: identical to Phase I, but it is a powerful onePhase III: tumours exist in different regions of the same bonePhase IV: growth has spread to other organs in the body.
Liposomes
Published in Sourav Bhattacharjee, Principles of Nanomedicine, 2019
Mepact®: This is a multilamellar liposomal preparation (<100 nm) of the drug mifamurtide—a synthetic derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is a component of the cell wall in Mycobacterium sp. [144]. MDP is known to activate the macrophages and monocytes to release cytokines, for example, TNF-α and interleukins-1b, -6, -8, and -12. It was designated an orphan drug by the FDA in 2001 and the European Medicine Agency (EMA) in 2004. Mepact® is not yet approved by the FDA, although it got approval of the EMA in 2004. It is recommended in the treatment of high-grade, nonmetastatic, and resectable osteosarcoma. It can also be used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents during the postoperative phase. The lipid constituents are dioleyl-phosphatidylserine and POPC at a molar ratio 3:7 [145]. Each vial contains 1 g total of lipid and 4 mg of mifamurtide. Fortunately, Mepact® has a decent safety profile and does not cause toxicity in normal individuals [146]. A phase III clinical trial with young patients of osteosarcoma treated with Mepact® in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs showed a 70%–78% increase in net 6-year survival rates [147]. Mepact® is marketed by Takeda Pharmaceuticals.
The Development of Mask R-CNN to Detect Osteosarcoma and Oste-ochondroma in X-ray Radiographs
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Guoqing Xia, Tianfei Ran, Huan Wu, Min Wang, Jun Pan
X-ray radiographs are a preferred tool for preliminary screening of osteochondroma and osteosarcoma lesions (Lietman 2010). It can comprehensively and intuitively display the size and location of osteosarcoma as well as the extent of caused bone destruction with high spatial resolution (Pesternikov and Bukhtoiarova 1975). It also visualises even slight periosteal reactions and the Codman triangles (1907). A typical osteosarcoma in X-ray radiographs is cloud-, needle- and plaque-like dense shadow. Its characteristics include irregular bony destruction and hyperplasia in the marrow cavity, destruction of the bone cortex, different forms of periosteum hyperplasia, and re-destruction of new bone in periosteum with soft tissue masses and tumour bone formation among them. Prognosis is more severe for tumours located in the axial skeleton and in patients with metastasis at onset (Picci 2007). X-ray manifestation of osteochondroma is bone lesions protruding from metaphysis, with bony structures growing in the opposite direction of the joint and a large cartilage cap at the top, forming typical signs of cauliflower or cone et al. Because cartilage cap and bursa are not developed in X-ray radiographs, the bone radiograph of osteochondroma is the same as the bone structure of metaphysis where it is located, making it difficult to distinguish.
A ketone-functionalized Zn-MOF for solvent-free cyanosilylation of aldehyde and treatment activity against osteosarcoma trough increasing Mg63 cells autophagy
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Tao Peng, Peng Jia, Rui Wang, Haoyu Feng, Xiao-Ming Han
Osteosarcoma, also known as osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma, is one of the most common primary malignant tumors of bone. Osteosarcoma is highly malignant and develops rapidly, and often occurs in lung metastases [1]. The incidence of osteosarcoma accounts for the highest percentage of all malignant bone tumors (44.6%), accounting for 15.5% of primary bone tumors, about 3 times that of chondrosarcoma and 7 times that of fibrosarcoma. There are more men than women with osteosarcoma, and the ratio of men to women is 2.3: 1 [2]. The age of onset is 4 to 60 years old, with 15 to 25 years old being the most common, accounting for more than 3/4. A recent study found that multiple mechanisms can regulate the process of cellular autophagy [3]. The autophagy signaling pathway has attracted wide attention from researchers.
Paclitaxel and etoposide-loaded Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres fabricated by coaxial electrospraying for dual drug delivery
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Mei Zhang, Yajun Tang, Zhenhua Zhu, He Zhao, Jihang Yao, Dahui Sun
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one malignant connective tissue tumor, the incidence of osteosarcoma takes the first position among the malignant tumor. Osteosarcoma is a common, high malignant degree and poor prognosis entity of the malignant osseous tumor. It’s spread to the lungs in a few months. The survival rate is only 5 to 20% after amputation 3 to 5 years. Local resection or resection of the tumor and chemotherapy may be used in the treatment of low grade osteosarcoma and peripheral sarcoma. If the tumor is highly malignant, preoperative chemotherapy plus amputation and postoperative chemotherapy should be adopted. The completion of the operation is not the end of the treatment, patients should adhere to the doctor's advice, insist on regular chemotherapy, in order to have a good prognosis. Significant progress have been made in the OS treatment in the preoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin (DDP), adriamycin (ADR), methotrexate-tetrahydrofolic acid (MTX-CF), bleomycin-cyclophosphamide-dactinomycin (BCD), ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CTX), etc., and the distance-disease-free survival is 42–89% [1–3].