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Laser Promotes Proliferation of Stem Cells
Published in Biju Issac, Nauman Israr, Case Studies in Intelligent Computing, 2014
Aya Sedky Adly, Mohamed Hassan Haggag, Mostafa-Sami M. Mostafa
Leonida et al. [52] measured the eect of laser irradiation on proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells. After the rst week, proliferation of irradiated cells resulted in statistically signicant increases in both groups compared to nonirradiated cells. After 2 weeks, irradiated cells showed the rst signs of suering as they did not record any increase in proliferation compared to nonirradiated cells, although there was a signicant increase in both nonirradiated cell proliferation and irradiated cell dierentiation. ese signs are probably not directly related to laser treatment, since the process of cell proliferation decreases with an increase in the process of cell dierentiation (Figure 3.8a).
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
A particular type of stem cell found both in embryos and in adults is the mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell can differentiate to form cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, muscle, marrow stroma, and connective tissue (Caplan, 1991; Pittenger et al., 1999). Mesenchymal stem cells are receiving considerable attention because of their potential to provide a cell source for a variety of tissue engineered constructs that can be used in a variety of TERM applications, especially for bone and cartilage repair (Madry et al., 2014; Im, 2016). In many cases, the patient’s own mesenchymal stem cells can be harvested from their own bone marrow and used for these applications (Sart et al., 2014).
Growth of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Surface-Treated 2d Poly(Glycerol-Sebacate) Bio-Elastomers of Varying Stiffness
Published in Jose James, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Yang Weimin, Kaushik Pal, Processing and Characterization of Multicomponent Polymer Systems, 2019
Raju B. Maliger, Peter J. Halley, Justin J. Cooper-White, Donna Dinnes
The clonal nature of marrow cells was first revealed in 1963 by the pioneering work of two scientists, McCullosch and Till [1]. In subsequent years, Friedenstein, and coworkers [2] identified mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), which reside within the stromal compartment of bone marrow. They have also been identified in fetal blood, umbilical cord blood, tibial, and femoral marrow compartments, and thoracic and lumbar spine [3, 4]. These self-renewable, multipotent progenitor cells have the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages to form bone, cartilage, adipose, tendon, and muscle tissues. They also have the potential to differentiate into other types of tissue-forming cells such as hepatic, renal, cardiac, and neural cells [5, 6]. They also are an adherent cell type and have a fibroblastic morphology. Although MSCs represent a very small fraction (0.001–0.01%) of the total population of nucleated cells in the marrow, they can be isolated and expanded with high efficiency, and induced to differentiate into multiple lineages under defined culture conditions [3]. Thus, these cells are highly attractive candidates for tissue engineering approaches in mesenchymal tissue regeneration. These cells are highly attractive candidates for tissue engineering approaches in mesenchymal tissue regeneration. Further, the low degree of vascularization in cartilage makes MSCs an ideal candidate for cartilage tissue engineering. Marrow-derived MSCs find potential applications in cardiovascular repair, treatment of lung fibrosis, stroke, traumatic injury, and spinal cord injury [7]. To date, MSCs have been used for the treatment of experimental models of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis (MS) [8].
Impact of collagen-alginate composition from microbead morphological properties to microencapsulated canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell activities
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Hyunkyu Lee, Heung-Myong Woo, Byung-Jae Kang
Recently, therapeutic use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become more common because of its regenerative effect and the increase of degenerative diseases. MSCs have the unique properties such as multipotency, paracrine activities, and immune modulation abilities [1,2]. Stem cell transplantation is used for neovascularization in myocardial infarction, osteogenesis in bone fractures, and chondrogenesis in osteoarthritis. Their therapeutic activities may be mediated by potent combinations of trophic factors that modulate the molecular composition of the environment to evoke responses from resident cells and anti-inflammatory activity by a paracrine mechanisms [3–5]. Therefore, there are two principal approaches for enhancing the therapeutic effects of MSCs: (i) preventing massive MSC death and (ii) increasing production of growth factors and cytokines in the environment of the transplanted MSCs [5]. However, low viability and short retention of MSCs are limiting factors for improving therapeutic efficacy [3,5–7]. Therefore, 3D scaffolds were manufactured with various biomaterials to enhance cell viability and in vivo retention for therapeutic efficacy as a physical and chemical barrier [7–11]. Microencapsulation is unique compared to other cell transplantation methods, as it results in particles with diameters less than the nominal inner diameter of a 23 gauge hypodermic needle (337 μm) that can be injected directly into the diseased site [12]. This represents a less invasive procedure with localization of therapeutic factors [13].
Regeneration of annulus fibrosus tissue using a DAFM/PECUU-blended electrospun scaffold
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Chen Liu, Liang Xiao, Yu Zhang, Quanlai Zhao, Hongguang Xu
Various kinds of cells, such as AF cells [6] and chondrocytes [31] have been used for AF tissue engineering. However, their application is limited due to their rapid change in phenotype and decreased expression of collagen-II during monolayer expansion. It is reported that mesenchymal stem cells originating from a certain tissue preferentially differentiate into the type of cells that reside in that tissue. In a previous study, we found that AFSCs have a strong tendency to differentiate into AF-like cells [32]. Therefore, we chose to use rabbit AFSCs as seed cells in the present study in order to generate more AF-related ECM. Herein, expression and secretion of AF-related collagen-I, collagen-II, and aggrecan from AFSCs grown on DAFM/PECUU scaffolds were higher than that from cells grown on PECUU scaffolds. Most likely, DAFM promoted the synthesis of AF-related ECM as a series of reports have shown that decellularized matrix can provide unique cues to direct stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Interestingly, decellularized matrix from different tissues or organs may impact the differentiation of certain mesenchymal stem cells [33]. Another study suggests that extracellular matrix can promote the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into structures and cells similar to matrix-derived tissue [34]. Tableros [35] found that using rat liver decellularized matrix as a scaffold provided a favorable environment for differentiation of human liver stem-like cells into functional hepatocytes. Furthermore, human liver stem-like cells have the potential to generate functional ‘humanized liver-like tissue’ in vitro with the help of natural ECM. Another study indicated that brain decellularized matrix can maintain the stemness of neural stem cells and promote their differentiation [36]. Additionally, Chen [37] demonstrated that cartilage fragments from an osteoarthritic knee promoted chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells without exogenous growth factor induction.
3D bioprinting in orthopedics translational research
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
XuanQi Zheng, JinFeng Huang, JiaLiang Lin, DeJun Yang, TianZhen Xu, Dong Chen, Xingjie Zan, AiMin Wu
Printing the finished scaffolds is not enough, as the successful application of cell-laden scaffolds in tissue engineering requires a good fit between cells and scaffolds, which requires an in-depth understanding of tissue structure and cellular ecology [48–50]. Biological printing in the narrow sense is cell printing. Unlike conventional tissue engineering methods that separate stent manufacturing and cell adhesion, the great advantage of 3D bioprinting is its ability to achieve the spatial distribution of multiple cells and to promote cell adhesion. There is growing evidence that cell behavior in the three-dimensional environment of the scaffold is very different from that of the laboratory in a two-dimensional (2D) culture [51]. Therefore, it is vital to choose the right cells based on the premise of having scaffolds with excellent performance. Seed cells that are used as an addition to bone substitute scaffolds should include the characteristics of being widely sourced, availability, easy to isolate and culture, low antigenicity, and high proliferative capacity. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) is one of the best choices in tissue engineering, especially for bone regeneration. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have strong proliferative capacity and multidirectional differentiation potential, and under the specific inductions, MSCs can not only differentiate into hematopoietic cells in vivo or in vitro but can also differentiate into myocytes, hepatocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and stromal cells. Current studies show that the MSCs that are laden in the scaffolds can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and local MSCs by the paracrine effect, including the secretion of grow factors. In other words, the effect of tissue repair is achieved mainly by changing the local microenvironment rather than transforming directly into the target cell, and the cells involved in tissue repair are mainly the cells of the recipient itself rather than exogenous MSCs [52, 53].