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Intervertebral Disk
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
The cause of osteophyte formation remains largely speculative. It has been suggested that disk degeneration leads to tilting of the vertebral bodies and anterior squeezing of the disk, which then bulges forward and elevates the adjoining periosteum to stimulate new bone formation (14). However, microscopic studies do not provide convincing evidence for this concept. Instead, these studies indicate that osteophytes form, at least initially, by endochondral ossification occurring in the outer attachment region of the annulus following chondrocytic change of the fibrocytes of this zone (11). The stimulus to this chondroid metaplasia and to the progressive growth of osteophytes remains speculative. Relative instability, however, may play a role in the development.
Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
Along with thickening, new bone formation is observed. Osteophytes form as bony outgrowths, usually located along the periphery of degenerating cartilage. While osteophyte formation is used as a clinically relevant finding of osteoarthritis, its initiation process and the cellular source are still debated in the literature. Osteophytes are strongly associated with malalignment (Nagaosa et al. 2002; Felson et al. 2005; van der Esch et al. 2005), an identified cause for cartilage lesions that can lead to further degeneration. Although multiple causes can induce osteophyte formation, including osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis (infection of the bone), and diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage due to diabetes), the mechanism of formation is still undetermined. An improper healing response and changes in the balance of catabolic and anabolic factors have been proposed as likely candidates (Felson and Neogi 2004). The source of cells that initiate osteophyte formation is still undetermined, although they are thought to potentially originate from the peripheral cartilage (Peng et al. 2000). These bone spurs often result in reduced mobility, pain, and, in the spine, numbness due to nerve impingement. The remodeling and formation of osteophytes alter the contours of the joint. Symptomatic osteophytes may require surgical removal. Further studies on osteophyte initiation and growth are needed to develop new therapeutic approaches.
Spine
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthropathy) is a major cause of neck pain, with increasing incidence in old age. The primary phenomenon in osteoarthritis of the spine is degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Intervertebral disc degeneration in the cervical spine is most common at C5/6 and C6/7. Degenerate discs may herniate into the spinal canal or intervertebral foramina, with direct compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots. More commonly, disc degeneration leads to abnormal stresses on the vertebral bodies and on the facet and uncovertebral joints. These abnormal stresses lead to formation of bone spurs or osteophytes. Osteophytes may project into the spinal canal causing compression of the cervical cord, or into the intervertebral foramina causing nerve root compression. Cervical cord compression presents clinically with neck pain associated with a stiff gait and brisk lower limb reflexes (myelopathy).
Tracking patellar osteophytes to detect osteoarthritis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Oishila Bandyopadhyay, Arindam Biswas, Bhargab B. Bhattacharya
Computer-aided diagnosis has proved itself to be a powerful tool for automated detection of various abnormalities captured via medical imaging. X-ray, being a low-cost imaging tool, is indeed the first choice for diagnosing fracture and other orthopaedic ailments. This paper deals with a new method for automated detection of knee osteoarthritis (OA) that relies on the analysis of geometric features of the patella bone present in the lateral X-ray image of a knee-joint. Cartilage lies between every bone joint that acts as a shock absorbing layer. Bones of the joint slide if the layer of cartilage wears away. In such situations, rubbing of bones in the joint causes severe pain, swelling and difficulty in moving that bone joint. Such condition is called osteoarthritis that can arise in any joint such as neck, finger, knee or hip. One of the prime indications of osteoarthritis is the formation of bony projections (osteophytes) around the joints. As per medical literatures (Van der Kraan and Van den Berg 2007; Singh and Khanna 2014; Kohn et al. 2016), bone spur (osteophytes) appear in the early stage of osteoarthritis. The primary goal of this paper is to analyse the lateral view of knee X-ray images to detect osteoarthritis by identifying the presence of osteophytes in patella bone.
A novel semi-automatic hip morphology assessment tool is more accurate than manual radiographic evaluations
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2020
Hanifeh Khayyeri, Sami P. Väänänen, Gunnar Flivik, Jukka S. Jurvelin, Leif Dahlberg, Hanna Isaksson
Hip osteoarthritis (OA) involves degeneration of articular cartilage in the joint and subchondral bone sclerosis. Current diagnostics of the disease uses radiography (X-ray), to measure joint-space narrowing followed by identification of morphological changes, e.g. deformity of the femoral head and formations of osteophytes. However, ‘minor’ morphological changes observed in radiographs do not necessarily lead to hip pain (Birrell et al. 2005). Thus, the disease is often diagnosed after the symptoms are irreversible. This makes the current use of radiographic evaluation a poor tool for detecting early signs of OA. Consequently, there is a need for new tools that can identify early OA markers. In this context, statistical models of the femur have shown that some generic morphological changes can signal hip OA (Gregory et al. 2007; Vaananen et al. 2012; Castro-Mateos et al. 2014). Although radiographic evaluation is not sensitive enough for detecting OA on its own, the use of X-rays in combination with statistical models can potentially discern patients predisposed to develop OA.
Simulating localised cellular inflammation and substrate properties in a strain energy density based bone remodelling algorithm for use in modelling trauma
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Naomi Rosenberg, Anthony M. J. Bull
The ectopic bone models previously developed (He and Xinghua 2006; Ganbat et al. 2014) are appropriate for ectopic bone cases where mechanical stimuli are the main influence. It is accepted that osteophytes may form in response to the modified loading caused by degenerative changes in the vertebral discs. It has also been suggested in a clinical imaging study (Jin et al. 2013) that the morphology of ectopic bone after cervical disc replacement is dependent on the loading environment. However, in the case of traumatic injury, the complex morphology of heterotopic bone may be attributed to other factors. The current study produces different bone density distributions by incorporating additional parameters that intend to reflect the behaviour of cells which have been subjected to trauma and inflammation.