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Applications of X-Ray Diffraction Imaging in Medicine
Published in Joel Greenberg, Krzysztof Iniewski, X-Ray Diffraction Imaging, 2018
In another study, Batchelar et al. (2000) showed that XRD imaging can be used to further decompose the volumetric density distributions in the bone down to its collagen and hydroxyapatite compositions. This ability to estimate the collagen and hydroxyapatite compositions can be used as a substitute for bone biopsy in the detection of osteomalacia (Bonucci 1998), a related disease to osteoporosis. Osteomalacia comes about due to deficiency of vitamin D, which causes the bone to be poorly mineralized as in osteoporosis. Its diagnosis requires biopsy because it cannot be detected using DEXA or QCT (Bonucci 1998). Consequently, the application of XRD imaging can potentially spare osteomalacia patients of the invasiveness that would accompany a biopsy.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Aluminum compounds can affect absorption of other elements in the gastrointestinal tract and alter intestinal function. Aluminum inhibits fluoride absorption and may decrease the absorption of calcium and iron. The binding of phosphorus or the interference with phosphate absorption can lead to osteomalacia, a condition marked by the softening of the bones.
Anatomy, physiology and disease
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Deficiencies in mineralization of collagen fibrils result in the syndromes of osteomalacia. Histologically, these are characterized by accumulation of osteoid that is not mineralized. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered the most prominent osteomalacia syndrome, although it is clear that several other disorders unrelated to vitamin D metabolism can lead to this histological appearance. Notwithstanding, the clinical phenotype of ‘soft’ bones with poor mineralization and deformed extremities is shared by all these disorders. Clinically, these patients also present with low serum calcium, reduced serum phosphorus in some instances, abnormal vitamin D metabolites in the majority of cases (approximately 75% of all osteomalacia is related to vitamin D deficiency or resistance), increased alkaline phosphatase, bone pain, and severely reduced bone mineral density. Treatment must be individualized to the specific syndrome but it can lead to reversal of many of the symptoms and signs of this heterogeneous disorder.
Marine sources as an unexplored bone tissue reconstruction material -A review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Gayatree Nayak, Sanat Kumar Bhuyan, Ruchi Bhuyan, Akankshya Sahu, Dattatreya Kar, Ananya Kuanar
Bone tissue reconstruction is the repairing of damaged fragments during bone fractures, tumor resections, or various bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and osteogenesis imperfect [1]. ‘Bone tissue engineering’ is a multi-disciplinary field as it connects with genetics, clinical medicine, mechanical engineering, and materials science [2]. It is also used as a central tool for the development of regenerative medicines, utilized in biomimetics, cells, and tissue for regeneration [3]. The National Science Foundation (NSF) was the pioneer to introduce this term in the year 1988. The idea of bone tissue regeneration is based on understanding the structural and functional components of the tissues during both the physiologic and pathologic scenarios. To this, the science of engineering techniques, their principle, and their application was amalgamated into tissue engineering [4]. The key objective is to patch the defective region and return it to its original function [5]. This review discusses the marine source as a potential alternative in the field of medicine and dentistry for bone tissue reconstructive indications.
Potential protective roles of curcumin against cadmium-induced toxicity and oxidative stress
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Jae Hyeon Park, Byung Mu Lee, Hyung Sik Kim
Cadmium enters the human body via nasal ingestion and gradually accumulates in the kidneys and liver. Horiguchi et al. (2010) in a cross-sectional study demonstrated that proximal tubular dysfunction was associated with a loss of phosphate and calcium in the urine and was responsible for abnormalities in bone metabolism, as evidenced by high levels of serum osteocalcin or alkaline phosphate. Several investigators showed that Cd exposure is directly correlated with bone loss due to the overproduction of osteoclast-like multinuclear cells. However, Kjellström (1992) indicated that Cd is responsible for bone loss via the abnormal metabolism of vitamin D in the renal cortex. Osteomalacia and osteoporosis might be induced by changes in collagen metabolism. The most harmful effect of Cd exposure on human bone is itai-itai disease (Horiguchi et al. 2010; Ogawa et al. 2004). Fibroblast factor is activated due to the effect of Cd on bone, which induces osteomalacia, followed by phosphate uptake and phosphaturia in mice (Aranami et al. 2010).
Bone health among indoor female athletes and associated factors; a cross-sectional study
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2020
Bostjan Jakse, Damir Sekulic, Barbara Jakse, Ivan Cuk, Dorica Sajber
Vitamin D is essential for bone health since adequate vitamin D status in the body helps with the absorption of calcium, and insufficient intake results not only in the classical deficiency diseases of rickets and osteomalacia but also in increased bone metabolism and enhanced fracture risk (Laird, Ward, McSorley, Strain, & Wallace, 2010; Malczewska-Lenczowska et al., 2018). It is also important to note that vitamin D deficiency is associated with musculoskeletal pain and muscle weakness (Quadri et al., 2016). For athletes in particular, such a deficiency may impair their training and performance, prolong recovery and increase the risk of injury (Ogan & Pritchett, 2013; Quadri et al., 2016). A recent meta-analysis including 23 studies with 2013 athletes from all around the world found that 56% of athletes had vitamin D inadequacy (Farrokhyar et al., 2015).