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Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Bone also contains several types of cells, and it houses other tissue types. Bones house blood vessels and nerve cells, primarily in the cortical bone. Bones also house osteocytes, which can differentiate into the two cell types responsible for bone remodeling, osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts break down old bone and osteoblasts build new bone. The inner bone cavities contain bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced. Red bone marrow is a soft tissue that produces blood cells, and yellow bone marrow is a store for fat. Bone consists of a mineral phase and a fibrous protein phase. The mineral phase is calcium phosphate, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite. The mineral is rigid and gives the bone its compressive strength. The main type of protein in bone is type I collagen, which is flexible and gives bone toughness and some elasticity (a small amount).
In Situ Nanotechnology-Derived Sensors for Ensuring Implant Success
Published in Šeila Selimovic, Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are located in bone, a natural nanostructured mineralized organic matrix. While osteoblasts make bone, osteoclasts decompose bone by releasing acid that degrades calcium (Ca) phosphate–based apatite minerals in an aqueous environment. The synthesis, deposition, and mineralization of this organic matrix, in which osteoblasts proliferate and mineralize (that is, deposit Ca), require the ordered expression of a number of osteoblast genes. Bone has the ability to self-repair or remodel routinely. However, osteoporosis (unbalanced bone remodeling) and other joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and traumatic arthritis) can lead to bone fractures. These bone-associated disabilities lead to difficulties in performing common activities and may require an orthopedic implant. However, the average functional lifetime of, for example, a hip implant (usually composed of titanium [Ti]) is only 10–15 years. A lack of fixation into the surrounding bone eventually loosens the implant and is the most common cause of hip replacement failure.
Nanotechnology-Derived Orthopedic Implant Sensors
Published in Iniewski Krzysztof, Integrated Microsystems, 2017
Sirinrath Sirivisoot, Thomas J. Webster
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are located in bone, a natural nanostructured-mineralized organic matrix. While osteoblasts make bone, osteoclasts decompose bone by releasing acid that degrades calcium phosphate-based apatite minerals into an aqueous environment. The synthesis, deposition, and mineralization of this organic matrix, in which osteoblasts proliferate and mineralize (i.e., deposit calcium), require the ordered expression of a number of osteoblast genes. Bone has the ability to self-repair or remodel routinely. However, osteoporosis (unbalanced bone remodeling) and other joint diseases (such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic arthritis) can lead to bone fractures. These disabilities associated with bone all lead to difficulties in performing common activities and may require an orthopedic implant. However, the average functional lifetime of, for example, a hip implant (usually composed of titanium) is only 10–15 years. A lack of fixation into surrounding bone eventually loosens the implant and is the most common cause of hip replacement failure.
Benzo[a]pyrene osteotoxicity and the regulatory roles of genetic and epigenetic factors: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jiezhang Mo, Doris Wai-Ting Au, Jiahua Guo, Christoph Winkler, Richard Yuen-Chong Kong, Frauke Seemann
Bone remodeling is a dynamic process in which old bone tissue is continually replaced by new bone tissue. This process is tightly regulated by various biochemical and physical factors that occur throughout the life of an organism (Hadjidakis & Androulakis, 2006). Remodeling is a bone turnover process that maintains the structure and function of the bone and is achieved by repairing micro-fractures and modifying bone structure under the stimulation of physical stress and biomechanical factors. This process is characterized by the intimately coordinated interactions between OBs and OCs within bone multicellular units (BMU) following a cycle involving the activation, resorption, reversal, formation, and termination phases (Figure 4) (Crockett et al., 2011; Hadjidakis & Androulakis, 2006).
Simulation study on the effect of resistance exercise on the hydrodynamic microenvironment of osteocytes in microgravity
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Hai-Ying Liu, Chao-Hui Zhao, Hao Zhang, Wei Wang, Qing-Jian Liu
In space, the human body is in a state of weightlessness owing to gravity disappearing. At this time, a large amount of body fluid in the human body is transferred from the leg to the upper body after being freed from gravity, which directly leads to decreased vascular content and pressure in the leg, as well as increases in the related parameters in the upper part of the body (Watenpaugh and Hargens 1996). Aeromedical research has shown that the increase in bone mass in the head of astronauts after long-term space flight is closely related to the increase in vascular pressure and interstitial fluid volume in this area. Therefore, the reason for weight-bearing bone in lower body to experience bone loss is the reduction of blood pressure, interstitial fluid volume, and a lack of mechanical stimulation (Hargens and Richardson 2009; Smith et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2013). Astronauts can alleviate this load-bearing bone loss to a certain extent through implementation of a strict training program that is far beyond the normal level required for maintaining fitness in Earth’s gravity (English et al. 2020), while increasing the intake of specific nutrients such as vitamin D during exercise further slows down bone loss (Holguin et al. 2011; Zwart et al. 2018). Lower body negative pressure pants (LBNP) and centrifuges that can move a large amount of blood and tissue liquid downward and improve cardiovascular function have been frequently used by astronauts to fight orthostatic intolerance (Watenpaugh et al. 2007; Li et al. 2017). Astronauts dressed in LBNP or in an artificial gravity environment produced by centrifuges can exhibit increases in the total amount of interstitial liquid and nutrients around their osteocytes by expanding the vascular pressure of the lower extremities. This can improve bone remodeling and thus more effectively prevent the massive loss of load-bearing bone if combining with resistance exercise and increased mechanical stimulation.
Computational prediction of the long-term behavior of the femoral density after THR using the Silent Hip stem
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Zainab Al-Hajaj, Pouria Tavakkoli Avval, Habiba Bougherara
Bone remodeling could be defined as a bone morphological adaptation, in which bone could react, renew, and re-model itself, due to external loadings. One of the main reasons that affect the survival of the implant in Total Hip Replacement (THR) is the loss in bone mass due to the occurrence of stress shielding in femoral bone (Bono et al. 1999; Banaszkiewicz and Kader 2014).