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Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
Blood vessels of the bone develop through the process of angiogenesis, which involves the proliferation of local endothelial cells to produce new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels in a remodeling process. The vasculogenesis is the formation of a vascular network, from a progenitor cell, angioblast or hemangioblast. The blood vessels supply the bone system with nutrients and oxygen, excrete waste biological materials, remove metabolites from the bone, provide the bone with specific hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters secreted by other tissues, maintaining the bone cells survival and stimulating their activity. The craniofacial bones develop by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification is the main mechanism leading to a development of flats bones (e.g., maxillae, palatal bones, nasal bones, zygomatic bones) this process is related to a direct differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, initially with a fibrous membrane and finally replaced by a spongy bone, whereas the endochondral ossification is typical of long bones and the cranial base, this process has an intermediate stage with cartilage (Chu et al. 2014; Fishero et al. 2014; Filipowska et al. 2017). The development and maintenance of the endochondral and intramembranous bone formation are dependent on the bone vascular network (Filipowska et al. 2017; Prisby 2017).
Principles and Biological Pathways to Tissue Regeneration: The Tissue Regenerative Niche
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Ranieri Cancedda, Claudia Lo Sicco
Many of the molecular mechanisms and tissue differentiation profiles observed during embryonic development are repeated during the bone fracture repair. Similar to bone development, bone repair occurs through a combination of intra-membraneous and endochondral ossification. Intra-membraneous ossification involves direct formation of the bone without previous formation of the cartilage by committed osteoprogenitors and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that reside in the periosteum. This process results in the formation of a callus within a few millimeters from the fracture site, described histologically as "hard callus." Endochondral ossification consists of recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into cartilage, which becomes calcified and eventually replaced by bone [Tsiridis et al., 2007].
Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
The ossification process takes place by two phenomena: the intramembranous (or direct) ossification and the endochondral (or indirect) ossification. In intramembranous ossification (for example, occurring in the bones of calvaria, some facial bones and parts of the mandible and clavicle), mesenchymal cells (MSCs) transform directly into osteoblasts. Initially, MSCs produce types III, V and XI collagen, as well as collagen type I. Endochondral ossification is a process of bone development using hyaline cartilage to recruit, proliferate and differentiate embryonic MSCs, being progressively mineralized and replaced by bone.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Bone formation (ossification) represents the production of new bone. It begins in the third month of fetal life and lasts until late adolescence. There are two major types of bone formation that involve the transformation of a preexisting mesenchymal tissue into bone tissue. The direct conversion is called intramembranous ossification and happens mostly in the bones of the skull. The other path involves the transformation of mesenchymal cells into cartilage which is later on transformed into bone. This path is called endochondral ossification. (Gilbert 2000) From a molecular point of view, the osiffication process can be analyzed by identifying microRNAs associated with it. This approach can also be of interest while testing the effectiveness of biomaterials. (Yayama et al. 2017)
Differences in maturity, morphological and physical attributes between players selected to the primary and secondary teams of a Portuguese Basketball elite academy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Sérgio Ramos, Anna Volossovitch, António Paulo Ferreira, Isabel Fragoso, Luís Massuça
Chronological age (CA; in decimals) was calculated as the difference between the date on which the anthropometric measures were taken and the date of birth. Skeletal age (SA) was considered to determine biological maturity, which was obtained through radiographs of left wrist. Thirteen bones were evaluated by comparing the ossification phase of each bone with a radiographic atlas according to the Tanner-Whitehouse Method III – TW3 method (Tanner, Healy, Goldstein, & Cameron, 2001). The x-ray was performed in one session, and its effective radiation dose was estimated between 3 and 5-millirem (0003–0007 rads), representing approximately 5% of an allowable annual dose. One very skilled technician who has read more than 4000 X-rays using this method evaluated the SA of each participant blinded to participants’ chronological age. Every six months this technician compares his readings with the readings of an expert (one of the authors of the TW III Method) and an inter examiner reliability was calculated (ICC: 0.86–0.98).