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Advances in Marine Skeletal Nanocomposites for Bone Repair
Published in S. M. Sapuan, Y. Nukman, N. A. Abu Osman, R. A. Ilyas, Composites in Biomedical Applications, 2020
The adult skeleton comprises 206 different bones, which are grouped into five different categories based, mainly, on their shapes. Their physical, mechanical, and biological functions are related to their physical shapes. These categories are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones. Physically, long bones such as the femur have their length longer than their width while short bones have their length equal to their width. Flat bones are relatively thin and in most cases curved, the ribs are a good example. Maxillofacial bones have irregular shapes in which sesamoid bones are small and round located in tendons.
Evaluation of PCL/Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite/Tetracycline Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Rashid Bin Mad Jin, Naznin Sultana, Chin Fhong Soon, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Bone can be categorised into four types which are long, short, flat and irregular bone. Long bone such as femur, tibia, humerus, radius and ulna can be found in the limbs. Short bones are carpal and tarsal. Flat bone are ribs, sternum, cranium and scapula. Irregular bones are vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, hyoid, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, and maxilla (Buckwalter et al. 1995) and lastly, sesamoid that is patella and smaller bones found in flexor hallucis longus and peroneus longus tendons (Buckwalter et al. 1995).
The Anatomy of Human Motion
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Short bones are solid, small bones. Carpals and tarsals (wrist and ankle bones) are examples. Flat bones are the sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvic bones, and patella. Irregular bones are all the bones of the spinal column, including the 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and the coccyx.
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Considering the shape of the bones, four general categories can be described: long, short, flat and irregular bones. (Figure 3) Long bones include the clavicles, humeri, radii etc. Short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones, patellae etc. Flat bones include the skull, mandible, scapulae etc. Irregular bones include the vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone, maxilla etc. Flat bones form by membranous bone formation, and long bones are formed by a combination of endochondral and membranous bone formation (Clarke 2008).