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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The rib cage includes the sternum and the ribs (Figure 4.10). The sternum, a vertically oriented flat bone, is located front and center on the rib cage. Feel its solid structure running from your neck to your stomach. It has three parts: the manubrium, the body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process. The manubrium is somewhat trapezoidal in shape. You can feel the superior edge of the manubrium at the base of the neck. It forms a U-shape with the ends of the clavicles (collar bones) at the sternoclavicular joints and the origins of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The edge of the manubrium is easily palpated and landmarked. The bottom of the U can be marked, or the two upper points of the U can be palpated and marked. Any of these locations can be used as landmarks for a product that fits the neck area. The body of the sternum, below the manubrium, is the major portion of the sternum. It is thinner and more vulnerable than the manubrium. Notches along the edge of the sternum are the locations of the rib sternocostal joints. The xiphoid process, at the inferior end of the sternum, is more delicate than the body of the sternum. Its shape can vary, person to person. You can feel some flexibility at the joint between the xiphoid and sternum. In children, the xiphoid is cartilaginous and in adults under 40, it may still be cartilage. With age, the cartilage transforms to bone, and in the elderly, it may be fused to the body of the sternum. The xiphoid marks the level of the inferior border of the heart and the central tendon of the diaphragm (Moore et al., 2011, p. 51). The joints between the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process are slightly flexible fibrocartilaginous joints.
Biomechanical factors during common agricultural activities: Results of on-farm exposure assessments using direct measurement methods
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Nathan B. Fethke, Mark C. Schall, Howard Chen, Cassidy A. Branch, Linda A. Merlino
Postures and movement speeds of the trunk, dominant upper arm, and dominant wrist were estimated using inertial measurement units (IMUs) (Series SXT, Nexgen Ergonomics Inc., Quebec, CA). Each IMU was a small (48.5 × 36 × 12 mm), wireless, battery powered unit that measured and stored raw acceleration (triaxial, ± 6 g), angular velocity (triaxial, ± 2000° s−1), and magnetic field strength (triaxial, ± 600 µT). Raw IMU data were sampled at 20 Hz. The IMUs were positioned at the (i) anterior thoracic region of the trunk (sternum), (ii) posterior lumbar region of the trunk (near L5/S1), (iii) upper arm (lateral aspect midway between the glenohumeral and elbow joints), (iv) forearm (dorsal surface just proximal of the wrist joint), and (v) hand (dorsal surface). Participants assumed a standard reference anatomical position for IMU calibration, using manufacturer-supplied software and recommended procedures.
Factors associated with chest injuries to front seat occupants in frontal impacts
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Karthikeyan Ekambaram, Richard Frampton, James Lenard
In this study, skeletal injury was the most frequent type of AIS 2+ chest injury. Injuries to intrathoracic organs were the second most frequently occurring AIS 2+ chest injuries, followed by injuries to vessels. Skeletal injury mainly included sternum and rib fractures. Sternum fracture, 4 or more fractured ribs, and lung contusion were the most frequent injury types. Sternum fractures are usually coded at the AIS 2 level. They are generally less severe when occurring alone and are less likely to cause any further complication. The lungs were by far the most frequently injured intrathoracic organs. This was followed by the pericardium and the heart. Injuries to vessels were less common in the sample; however, those injuries are mostly rated at the AIS 4+ level and are life threatening and thus should not be disregarded based on a low frequency of occurrence.
Manubrio-sternal joint mobility during forced ventilation using non-invasive opto-electronic plethysmography: cases studies
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
L. Gaillard, L. Debraux, N. Houel
Sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts: manubrium superiorly, xiphoid process inferiorly and the body in between (Selthofer et al. 2006). Manubrio-Sternal Joint (MSJ), also known as Louis’ Angle, is a synarthrosis joint. Manubrium and sternal body intersect with an angle of 165° to 175° between their posterior faces (intra-thoracic faces, Carrier et al. 2007). MSJ has implications in rheumatoid diseases and traumatic injuries. The potential MSJ degrees of freedom and range of motion during breathing and their relationships with ventilatory disease management stay controversial.