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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The thorax contains the lungs, heart, great vessels, and thymus gland surrounded by the ribs, rib cartilages, sternum, vertebral spine, and associated joints, ligaments, and muscles. Outside of the chest cavity are attached the scapulae, clavicles, and shoulder musculature. Because they are closer to the skin surface, the superficial structures block heat conduction from further inside the chest. The lungs, being constantly perfused with core blood, warm the chest wall by conduction. Pathology that reduces pulmonary blood flow reduces the temperatures detected over the outer chest wall. Increased chest wall temperatures may be seen over intrathoracic infections or tumors. Images of intrathoracic inflammation may show NO diffusing between the ribs. The ribs and their associated cartilages are seen thermographically in lean individuals where overlying structures are not present (Figure 10.55). The breasts in females may obscure findings over the anterior thoracic cage. Obesity in either sex may also hide thermographic details.
Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The upper torso is divided into two compartments. The respiratory diaphragm—a dome-shaped muscular structure which originates from the rib edges, sternum, and spine—separates the compartments. The chest, or thorax, lies below the neck and above the diaphragm. The belly or abdomen is below the diaphragm. For apparel products, the “waist” defines the lower boundary of the upper torso. However, the waist is a moving and changing target. It is an ill-defined and arbitrary demarcation, but an important landmark for some products. See Chapter 6 for guidelines for locating and measuring the waist related to product design.
Injury patterns in motor vehicle collision-pediatric pedestrian deaths
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Moheem M. Halari, Tanya Charyk Stewart, Kevin J. McClafferty, Allison C. Pellar, Michael J. Pickup, Michael J. Shkrum
In summary, the majority of the pediatric pedestrian fatalities was caused by impacts from vehicles with a higher hood edge compared to cars. The most frequent kinematic trajectory was forward projection resulting in a run over. Most of the run over victims were struck by vehicles traveling at low speed. More than half of the low speed run over victims were hit by vehicles turning at intersections. Frontal (right, left and not otherwise specified) collisions caused injuries of higher severity in these children. Head and thorax in young children ≤5 years, head, neck, and thorax injuries in children ≤10 years and head, neck, thorax and abdomen for children ≥11 years characterized a fatal dyad, triad and tetrad, respectively based on cases investigated by the OCCO. Brain stem injury and upper cervical spine trauma were frequently seen in this cohort. This retrospective study of 25 fatally injured pediatric pedestrians found that the original Waddell triad was not applicable to trauma patterns based on collisions involving the current motor vehicle fleet. Specifically, pelvic and hip (femur) fractures were infrequent.
Development and validation of an elderly human body model for frontal impacts
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Sagar Umale, Prashant Khandelwal, John Humm, Narayan Yoganandan
The GHBMC base model was morphed to the elderly surface geometry (structure: 172.6 cm, BMI: 29, age: 75 years) obtained from an occupant posture database (humanshape.org). The hexahedral morph box (hex-box) technique was used for morphing. The hex-boxes were developed for the base model (Figure 1). The spine was encapsulated in the innermost layer of the hex-boxes, and the outermost layer surrounded the head, thorax, and limbs. An intermediate layer of hex-boxes in the thorax surrounded organs like the heart, lungs, liver, and other fat tissue, along with the rib cage and intercostal muscles. The elderly occupant surface geometry and the baseline model were aligned at the H-point. The edges and corners of the hex-boxes were mapped to the elderly geometry, and the elements enclosed in the boxes were morphed to the elderly occupant (Figure 1). The difference in the rib angle between a 26-year-old and a 75-year-old was calculated (Kent et al. 2005), and the ribs were rotated 7 degrees upwards. The neck was rotated to match the kyphotic neck of the elderly. A rigid constraint was applied to maintain the shape of all hard tissues during morphing. The material properties of the hard and soft tissues were updated for the elderly based on the literature.
Comparison of epidemiology and injury profile between vulnerable road users and motor vehicle occupants in road traffic fatalities
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2019
Sang-Chul Kim, Hae-Ju Lee, Ji-Min Kim, So-Yeon Kong, Jung-Soo Park, Hyeok-Jin Jeon, Yong-Nam In, Hoon Kim, Suk-Woo Lee, Young-Taek Kim
The primary and secondary outcomes were fracture injuries and visceral injuries among those with fatal RTIs, respectively. We classified body injuries into head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper extremities, and lower extremities. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine lesions were included in each spine level of neck, thorax, and abdomen, respectively. Fracture injury regions were classified into head, neck, thorax, abdomen, upper extremities, and lower extremities, based on the diagnosis of the following International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10 n.d.) codes: Fracture of skull and facial bones (S02.0–S02.9); fracture of cervical vertebra and other parts of neck (S12.0–S12.9); fracture of rib(s), sternum, and thoracic spine (S22.0–S22.9); fracture of lumbar spine and pelvis (S32.0–S32.9); fracture of upper extremities (S42.0–S42.9, S52.0–S52.9, S62.0–S62.9); and fracture of lower extremities (S72.0–S72.9, S82.0–S82.9, S92.0–S92.9).