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Upper extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Ronald F. Zernicke, William C. Whiting, Sarah L. Manske
Clavicular fracture: Clavicular fractures are one of the most common fractures that occur in sporting and recreational activities. They are typically caused by a fall on the shoulder. Most clavicular fractures occur in the middle third of the bone, where the distal fragment displaces inferiorly and the proximal fragment displaces superiorly. Fractures to the distal one third of the clavicle usually result from a direct force applied to the shoulder, often in athletes throwing in a contact sport (Buss and Watts, 2003).
Management of clavicle shaft fractures with intramedullary devices: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Paul Reginald King, Robert Patrick Lamberts
The mechanisms of injury which result in clavicle shaft fractures can be divided into direct and indirect trauma. Indirect trauma to the clavicle occurs when an individual falls onto an outstretched hand or, more commonly, falls onto the point of the shoulder. These fractures generally occur during sporting activities which include mountain biking and horse riding. Direct trauma inflicted by a blunt, or penetrating mechanism, is commonly a secondary result of interpersonal violence. Postacchini et al. identified motor vehicle accidents as the main mechanism of injury [6]. Stanley et al. noted that fractures which occur in the elderly generally happen secondary to low energy falls from the standing position [5]. Nowak et al. identified bicycle accidents as the most common mechanism of injury with sporting injuries resulting in most clavicle fractures in males [2]. Zhu et al. reported that the vast majority of fractures in an urban Chinese population could be ascribed to road traffic accidents [7]. Studying a series of 2 035 fractures over a period of 35 years, Nordqvist et al. noted a significant increase in the incidence of clavicle fractures during the review period [8].