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Automotive Architecture
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
Most contemporary vehicles use a variation on the MacPherson strut and wishbone or multilink suspensions to provide suspension that ensures that any given wheel’s movement is unaffected by the movement of any of the three other wheels (Image 7.17). These struts combine a coil spring with a dampener, acting as a structural component, a wheel location device, and a shock absorbing and dampening mechanism. A double wishbone is defined by two semi-parallel wishbone-shaped control arms that allow articulation. The result does a fairly good job of keeping the tires perpendicular to the ground and generally offers good dynamics and load handling. Multilink suspensions use a more complex geometry defined by multiple control arms and linkages. This complexity offers greater latitude for variation and precise movement dynamics. While the cost and space requirements of these systems is greater than the simple axles of the past, the resulting improvement in handling, active safety, and ride quality is increasingly considered well worth it.
A Simple Mechanical Model for Steel Beam – Column Slab Subassembly Nonlinear Cyclic Behaviour
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2023
Tushar Chaudhari, Gregory MacRae, Des Bull, G. Charles Clifton, Stephen J. Hicks
This equivalent compression strut was assumed to act at the inclination of 45° and connected to the column centre line with the non-linear compression-only contact spring shown in Fig. 9, representing the slab-column interaction. The struts extend to Beff/4 in the slab longitudinal and transverse directions, where Beff is slab effective width equal to L/4, where L is the distance between column centres in the longitudinal direction according to NZS3404:Part1:1997(2007). The effective width of the slab (Beff) represents the region of collection of slab force. However, the strut and tie model, Beff/2 are placed halfway along this collection region. The various nomenclatures given in the Fig. 9 are, “Lstrut” the length of strut, “Astrut” the area of strut, “FT” the force in transverse tie, “FL” the force in longitudinal tie, “Fc” the force in equivalent compression strut.
Behaviour of Masonry-Infilled RC Frames Strengthened Using Textile Reinforced Mortar: An Experimental and Numerical Studies Overview
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Christiana Filippou, André Furtado, Maria Teresa De Risi, Nicholas Kyriakides, Christis Z. Chrysostomou
There are only three studies in the literature in which the complex behaviour of masonry-infilled RC frames is modelled following a simple modelling approach, macro-modelling. Koutas et al. (Koutas, Triantafillou, and Bousias 2015) developed a simple macro-model of infilled frame with TRM to predict the TRM-retrofitted three-story masonry-infilled RC frame behaviour to IP cyclic loading that was studied experimentally by the authors as presented in section 2.1. The authors suggested that the retrofitted infill wall acts as a pair of alternatively activated compression strut and tension tie (tension diagonal). Therefore, a single-strut (compression) and a single-tie (tension) element are used to represent the infill wall and the TRM, respectively. Fardis and Panagiotakos (Fardis and Panagiotakos 1997) model is adopted for the single-strut element to simulate the non-linear cyclic behaviour of the infill wall. Linear elastic beam-column elements modelled the RC members and rotational spring elements are used at the beams and columns to simulate the plastic hinges. To define the tensile behavior of the single-tie (tension) element, the so-called effective strain of TRM was required. The authors concluded that this macro-model can adequately represent the masonry-infilled RC frame’s experimental response with and without TRM. In contrast, the best agreement between experimental and numerical results in terms of the maximum base-shear was achieved considering that the effective strain for one layer of glass-TRM is equal to 0.8%. The authors also concluded that this macro-model of retrofitted infilled frame is sensitive to the value of effective strain of TRM, leading the effective strain of TRM as a key parameter for the tie-model (diagonal tension path).
Analytical Model for Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Interior Beam-column Joints
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2020
Comparing between strut-and-tie and stress-strain approaches, the strut-and-tie analogy is the favorable one for the structural engineers because of its simplicity. It does not require the complex knowledge of concrete and steel stress-strain behaviors, which may be unfamiliar to the structural design engineers. Extensive researches have been done in this area as mentioned in the previous part, however there are no strut-and-tie models considering the deformation compatibility between the strut and truss mechanisms. This does not reflect the true behavior of RC beam-column joints. Therefore, further researches should be focused on this area.