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Craniofacial Regeneration—Bone
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Laura Guadalupe Hernandez, Lucia Pérez Sánchez, Rafael Hernández González, Janeth Serrano-Bello
Blood vessels of the bone develop through the process of angiogenesis, which involves the proliferation of local endothelial cells to produce new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels in a remodeling process. The vasculogenesis is the formation of a vascular network, from a progenitor cell, angioblast or hemangioblast. The blood vessels supply the bone system with nutrients and oxygen, excrete waste biological materials, remove metabolites from the bone, provide the bone with specific hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters secreted by other tissues, maintaining the bone cells survival and stimulating their activity. The craniofacial bones develop by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification is the main mechanism leading to a development of flats bones (e.g., maxillae, palatal bones, nasal bones, zygomatic bones) this process is related to a direct differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, initially with a fibrous membrane and finally replaced by a spongy bone, whereas the endochondral ossification is typical of long bones and the cranial base, this process has an intermediate stage with cartilage (Chu et al. 2014; Fishero et al. 2014; Filipowska et al. 2017). The development and maintenance of the endochondral and intramembranous bone formation are dependent on the bone vascular network (Filipowska et al. 2017; Prisby 2017).
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
IGFs are secreted by target cells in response to the action of growth hormone released by the pituitary gland following stimulation by growth hormone-releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus [101]. IGFs are present in chondrocytes and osteoblasts and have a mitogenic action via their interaction with a tyrosine kinase receptor. Two types of IGF (IGF-1 and IGF-2) are distinguishable in humans, the former being located in fracture sites in humans [110]. Since experimental studies demonstrated that IGF-1 promotes bone healing through intramembranous ossification, its relevant use as bone healing enhancer has been suggested [111]. PDGF
Effects of Mechanical Vibration on Bone Tissue
Published in Redha Taiar, Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Xavier Chiementin, Mario Bernardo-Filho, Whole Body Vibrations, 2019
Christiano Bittencourt Machado, Borja Sañudo, Christina Stark, Eckhard Schoenau
The ossification process takes place by two phenomena: the intramembranous (or direct) ossification and the endochondral (or indirect) ossification. In intramembranous ossification (for example, occurring in the bones of calvaria, some facial bones and parts of the mandible and clavicle), mesenchymal cells (MSCs) transform directly into osteoblasts. Initially, MSCs produce types III, V and XI collagen, as well as collagen type I. Endochondral ossification is a process of bone development using hyaline cartilage to recruit, proliferate and differentiate embryonic MSCs, being progressively mineralized and replaced by bone.
The analogies between human development and additive manufacture: Expanding the definition of design
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2019
L. E. J. Thomas-Seale, J. C. Kirkman-Brown, S. Kanagalingam, M. M. Attallah, D. M. Espino, D. E. T. Shepherd
Intramembranous ossification which forms the skull bones is initiated by the proliferation of neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells; some form vessels and some differentiate into osteoblasts (Gilbert, 2003). The osteoblasts secrete an unmineralised osteoid matrix, into which calcium is deposited to form the calcified matrix, in which the osteocytes, become embedded (Moore et al., 2013a). Conversely, endochondral ossification, which forms the long bones, demonstrates an intermediate step where tissue is transformed from cartilage to bone. The mesenchymal cells, condense into nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes which secrete the molecules required for the extracellular matrix of cartilage (Schoenwolf et al., 2015). The subsequent hypertrophy of the chondrocytes has two key functions, firstly they secrete vesicles into the extracellular matrix, the enzymes of which initiate the mineralisation process (Gilbert, 2003) and secondly they lengthen the bone (Preston & Wilson, 2013).
The opportunity of using alloplastic bone augmentation materials in the maxillofacial region– Literature review
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Simion Bran, Grigore Baciut, Mihaela Baciut, Ileana Mitre, Florin Onisor, Mihaela Hedesiu, Avram Manea
Intramembranous ossification is the process involved in the formation of flat bones. Osteoblasts secrete ECM that is able to bind calcium salts, transforming the prebone (osteoid) into mature bone. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the calcified matrix and are transformed into osteocytes. During calcification, bony spicules radiate out from the region where ossification began. The calcified area is surrounded by compact mesenchymal cells that form the periosteum that has an inner lining of osteoblasts which continue to secrete osteoid matrix. When the growth of the bone is completed, the periosteum stays involved in the remodeling and the healing of the bone (Gilbert 2000).
Nonwoven membranes for tissue engineering: an overview of cartilage, epithelium, and bone regeneration
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Thalles Canton Trevisol, Rayane Kunert Langbehn, Suellen Battiston, Ana Paula Serafini Immich
Several approaches for scaffold applications using in vivo culture have been developed in literature, especially for bone tissue regeneration [74; 77-84]. Since the introduction of scaffolds, experiments to design bone tissue have mainly focused on a process resembling intramembranous ossification, meaning direct osteoblastic differentiation. However, the success of this approach is hampered by poor vascularity throughout the scaffold. Thus, based on the skeleton development and the healing of bone fractures, a new tactic was recently reported by Yang et al. [83] imitating the endochondral bone formation.