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Marine-Based Carbohydrates as a Valuable Resource for Nutraceuticals and Biotechnological Application
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Rajni Kumari, V. Vivekanand, Nidhi Pareek
Alkaline phosphatase plays a vital role in bone formation. Its activation results in phosphorus, mineralization of protomers, and a decrease in the concentration of extracellular pyrophosphate (inhibitor of mineralization). Acceptance of fucoidan at a dosage of 2 mg/mL increases bone mineralization by raising alkaline phosphatase activity by 35%. (Boskey et al., 1998). Osteocalcin advances bone development, speeding up the development of hydroxyapatite crystals (Min et al., 2012). Fucoidan expanded the discharge of osteocalcin in 7F2 cells and the worth of its mineralization in a portion subordinate way. Apart from these applications, fucoidan play a vital role in various biological activities that has been summarized in Table 1.3 along with mechanism of action.
Microscopy and related techniques
Published in C M Langton, C F Njeh, The Physical Measurement of Bone, 2016
Jean E Aaron, Patricia A Shore, Roger C Shore, Jennifer Kirkham
By locating osteocalcin in osteoblasts and young osteocytes, the immunohistochemical technique has validated the clinical measurement of osteocalcin in blood as a routine biochemical marker of bone formation, frequently eliminating the need for a bone biopsy. Similarly it has demonstrated oestrogen receptors in osteoblastic cells [12, 19] and PTH/PTHrp receptors in hypertrophic chondrocytes at the growth plate and osteoblasts in the primary spongiosa [20]. At the same time, the increased availability of specific bone-related antibodies is putting a structural face on to the biochemistry of the organic extracellular matrix and in particular on to that part (including osteocalcin above) that is not collagen Type I. The procedure is most powerful when the protein of interest is a significant component of a discrete histological feature (for example, an osteon or coarse fibrous insertion) rather than a diffuse humoral agent or scarce commodity which is frequently difficult to dissociate with confidence from non-specific background staining.
Nanostructured Biointerfaces
Published in Šeila Selimovic, Nanopatterning and Nanoscale Devices for Biological Applications, 2017
Jean Paul Allain, Monica Echeverry-Rendón, Juan Jose Pavón, Sandra L. Arias
Bone is one of the tissues that has had a substantial impact on biomaterials. Commonly, bone problems result from trauma events or from degenerative diseases. The most important cells involved in the formation processes of bone are the osteo-blasts, which regulate the maturation and mineralization of the bone ECM. After some process of differentiation, osteoblasts may become preosteoblasts to finally mature into osteocytes or lining cells. Osteoblasts can synthesize specific proteins such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, osteonectin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and bone sialoproteins, among others [89]. On the other hand, bone is an anisotropic, heterogeneous, nonlinear, thermorheologically complex, viscoelastic material at the biomechanical level. Implants that guarantee the optimal performance of their mechanical, biological, and structural behavior are the best option in the treatment of bone problems. Some metals such as titanium and its alloys, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum and some steels such as 316L have shown good responses to loads and physical exertion and, additionally, are biocompatible and exhibit good corrosion resistance; however, their “almost inert” nature hinders their integration with the surrounding tissue [90]. This problem can be solved by physicochemically modifying the material surface or by introducing a new bioactive material such as hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, or bioglass, which may attach bioactive properties by promoting the growth of bone tissue around the implant. When using a bioactive ceramic, is important to know if it is resorbable or nonresorbable. If the bioactiveceramic is resorbable, the rate of its solubility should be considered, because if this is higher compared with bone formation, then the stability of the implant can be compromised due to the early loss of coating [91]. The bioactivity index (BI) of a material is defined according to the time it takes for more than 50% of the surface to attach to the bone. There are two types of bioactivity: Class A, or osseoproductive, is the process by which a bioactive surface is colonized by osseogenic mesenchymal cells near the implant site [92] and Class B for the case of an osseoconductive interface that only allows cellular migration through it [93]. In either case, the depositions of bioactive materials on the surface of metallic materials are used as coatings in order to improve the processes of osseointegration.
Scaffold geometry and computational fluid dynamics simulation supporting osteogenic differentiation in dynamic culture
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Somruethai Channasanon, Pakkanun Kaewkong, Surapol Chantaweroad, Passakorn Tesavibul, Yotsakorn Pratumwal, Somboon Otarawanna, Soshu Kirihara, Siriporn Tanodekaew
Osteocalcin, known as a calcium-binding protein, is a late marker protein for osteoblastic differentiation. Figure 10 shows the immunofluorescence staining analysis results revealing the osteocalcin protein (green color) produced by MC3T3-E1 cells after 21-day perfusion culture on the three scaffolds. This implied that MC3T3-E1 cells differentiated into osteoblasts. The cells on all scaffolds had elongated actin stress fibers (red color) indicating satisfactory biocompatibility. However, there were significant differences in the amounts of osteocalcin secreted around the cells cultured on the three scaffolds. Although a higher number of cells were detected in the Woodpile scaffold, the cells secreted osteocalcin less than those in the other two scaffolds did. This trend agreed with the osteocalcin gene expression results.
Gonadal hormones may predict structural bone fragility in elite female soccer player
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2020
Charlotte Lanhers, Daniel Courteix, João Valente-Dos-Santos, Beatrice Ferry, Luis Gracia-Marco, Bruno Pereira, Ileana Monica Borda, Eric Lespessailles, Martine Duclos
Bone biomarkers included the serum concentration of osteocalcin, which was assayed by ELISA (N-MID Osteocalcin ELISA, Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics A/S, Denmark). Intra- and interassay CVs were 2.6% and 4.7%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 0.5 ng/ml. Other bone biomarkers were Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and type I-C telopeptide breakdown products (CTX), which were assayed using Cobas 6000 (Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany) with intra and inter-assay CVs lower than 7%. In order to assess the relative balance of the formation and resorption processes of bone remodelling, we calculated the uncoupling index (UI), as suggested by Eastell et al. (Eastell et al., 1993). Using the baseline values as reference data, z-scores of the formation and resorption markers were calculated for each subject. The UI was then calculated as an average of the z-score for bone formation markers minus the bone resorption marker. A positive UI would indicate that bone remodelling was unbalanced in favour of formation. A negative UI would indicate an imbalanced favouring resorption (Lane et al., 2000).
Effects of latex membrane on guided regeneration of long bones
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Bruna Leonel Carlos, Jéssica Suzuki Yamanaka, Gabriela Rezende Yanagihara, Ana Paula Macedo, Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe, João Paulo Mardegan Issa, Rondinelli Donizetti Herculano, Antônio Carlos Shimano
No significant difference was observed for osteocalcin expression both in respect to treatment and time. Osteocalcin is an important marker of mature osteoblasts and is responsible for mineralization and regulation of osteoclastic activity [28]. Osteocalcin acts in the final phase of bone repair, especially in the remodeling phase of newly formed tissue. As new bone remodeling in rats occurs between 5 and 8 weeks [29], our 4-week evaluation could not detect altered levels of this protein in the bone matrix. However, the protein was expressed throughout the regeneration process. Machado et al. [27] found similar results for osteocalcin immunostaining. The authors evaluated the action of BMP-2, latex fraction, and fibrin sealant on tissue repair of tibial bone defects in rats and observed an expression of osteocalcin in all experimental groups at 2- and 6-week postoperative periods.