Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Trends in Cancer Screening: Different Diagnostic Approaches
Published in Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava, Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, 2022
Anjana Pandey, Saumya Srivastava
A biomarker is best defined as “a biological molecule that signifies a disease or condition, can be found in blood or tissues resulting in a normal or abnormal process” (Cheng and Meiser, 2019; Ding et al., 2019; Iwasaki, Shimura and Kataoka, 2019; Muinao, Deka Boruah and Pal, 2019; Xiong et al., 2019; Solanki, Venkatesulu and Efstathiou, 2021). It is used to differentiate normal ones with the diseased person. These differences could arise due to germline or somatic mutations, transcriptional changes, and post-translational modifications. Different varieties of biomarkers are categorized including proteins, nucleic acid, peptides antibodies, etc. Conditions such as changes in gene expression, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling can also work as a biomarker (Cai et al., 2010; Tayanloo-Beik et al., 2020). It can be found in blood or other body fluids that can be assessed easily or maybe tissue-derived for which biopsy detection method is needed. By using different techniques such as gene expression arrays, mass spectroscopy, and high-throughput sequencing, biomarkers can be identified easily.
The Need of External Validation for Metabolomics Predictive Models
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Raquel Rodríguez-Pérez, Marta Padilla, Santiago Marco
In most occasions, metabolomic analysis is framed as a biomarker discovery study. Biomarkers are expected to be used for screening, diagnosis, personalized therapies, monitoring and prognosis. They are also important in drug discovery and development to understand the mechanisms of action of a drug, or to investigate its toxicity.
Optimal data-driven policies for disease screening under noisy biomarker measurement
Published in IISE Transactions, 2020
Saloumeh Sadeghzadeh, Ebru K. Bish, Douglas R. Bish
A biomarker is a measurable characteristic that is used as an indicator of some biological state or condition, such as a disease or disorder (we use the term “disease” to refer to all such conditions). Biomarker testing plays an integral role in screening, diagnosis, monitoring, and management of many diseases, including genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (Kloosterboer et al., 2009; Therrell et al., 2012), cardiovascular diseases (Tang et al., 2007), Alzheimer’s disease (Doecke et al., 2012), asthma (Szefler et al., 2012), neurological diseases (Mayeux, 2004), and various types of cancer (Bacus and Spector, 2007; Barnett et al., 2017). As an example of a biomarker, consider cystic fibrosis, which often leads to elevated Immunoreactive Trypsinogen (IRT) levels; therefore, cystic fibrosis screening in the United States (US) typically includes a biomarker test that measures the IRT concentration (the IRT test) (Kloosterboer et al., 2009; Therrell et al., 2012). In this article, our focus is on using biomarkers in population level screening of non-infectious diseases. (Our models apply to non-infectious diseases, because we do not model disease transmission among subjects, which is an important source of transmission for infectious diseases.)
Regulation of cytochrome P450 expression by microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs: Epigenetic mechanisms in environmental toxicology and carcinogenesis
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2019
Dongying Li, William H. Tolleson, Dianke Yu, Si Chen, Lei Guo, Wenming Xiao, Weida Tong, Baitang Ning
A biomarker is defined as an objectively measurable characteristic in biological media (e.g. human tissues, cells, or body fluids) that can indicate biological or pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses.157 Biomarkers have the potential to assist in disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and therapeutic efficiency.158 An ideal biomarker features specificity, sensitivity, robustness, validity, actionability, noninvasive detectability, and translatability (from animal models to humans).159 In the era of precision medicine, the development of reliable and robust mechanistic biomarkers will be an important approach to aid clinical practice and regulatory decision-making; their acceptance requires elucidation of underlying mechanisms and advancement of detection technologies. In recent decades, cell free circulating miRNAs have been explored as a new generation of biomarkers for disease, toxicity assessment, and drug development, owing to their conservation, tissue-specificity, stability, and minimally-invasive detectability in human body fluids (e.g. blood, urine, and saliva).69,160–163 miRNAs represent potential biomarkers for detecting exposures to environmental toxicants. Conventional exposure indicators include internal doses of carcinogens and their metabolites, DNA and protein adduct formation, genetic alterations, circulating proteins, and altered gene expression.158,164 The 5-year survival rate for lung cancers overall is only 18%, yet survival increases to 56% when lung tumors are detected before they metastasize; however, only 16% of lung cancer cases are diagnosed at such an early stage.13 The early response of miR-126* in the expression level during lung carcinogenesis indicates miR-126* might be investigated for its potential as an early diagnostic marker for lung cancer.66
MicroRNAs diagnostic and prognostic value as predictive markers for malignant mesothelioma
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Elena Sturchio, Maria Grazia Berardinelli, Priscilla Boccia, Miriam Zanellato, Silvia Gioiosa
The term biomarker generally refers to a measurable biological indicator of a state or condition, including a pathogenic process. In recent decades, several biomarkers have been used in preclinical and diagnostic studies to predict, detect and monitor different cancers forms, the mostly used in MM diagnosis were metabolites, proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs).