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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Study Figure 3.3 (left side) and then look at your face and feel the features of the bones of your skull. Feel the top of your head, your cranium or skull cap. Place both hands on your head and feel its shape and size. It is made up of several bones that mesh together with “seams” called sutures. As a product designer, you might think of the separate bones being stitched (sutured) together. The sutures allow the cranium to grow and expand with the brain through childhood and then incompletely fuse in adulthood. You can’t feel the sutures, but you can imagine their placement. As you cup the top of your skull with both hands, the bones—one on the left and one on the right—at the top of your skull are the parietal bones which are joined to a single bone forming the back and much of the bottom of your skull called the occipital bone. Now run your fingers along the bone just above your eyebrows, this is the frontal bone that forms your forehead and the top front section of your skull. You can trace your brow arches or superciliary ridges of the frontal bone above your eyes. The temporal bones on either side of the head form your temples. The cranial bones lie over the corresponding lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.
Anatomical Terminology
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson, Clark's Pocket Handbook for Radiographers, 2016
A Stewart Whitley, Charles Sloane, Gail Jefferson, Ken Holmes, Craig Anderson
LandmarksOuter canthus of the eye: the point where the upper and lower eyelids meet laterally.Infra-orbital margin/point: the inferior rim of the orbit, with the point being located at its lowest point.Nasion: the articulation between the nasal and frontal bones.Glabella: a bony prominence found on the frontal bone immediately superior to the nasion.Vertex: the highest point of the skull in the median sagittal plane.External occipital protuberance (inion): a bony prominence found on the occipital bone, usually coincident with the median sagittal plane.External auditory meatus: the opening within the ear that leads into the external auditory canal.LinesInter-orbital (inter-pupillary) line: joins the centre of the two orbits or the centre of the two pupils when the eyes are looking straight forward.Infra-orbital line: joints the two infra-orbital points.Anthropological baseline: passes from the infra-orbital point to the upper border of the external auditory meatus (also known as the Frankfort line).Orbito-meatal baseline (radiographic baseline): extends from the outer canthus of the eye to the centre of the external auditory meatus. This line is angled approximately 10 degrees to the anthropological baseline.
AI-CDSS Design Guidelines and Practice Verification
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Xin He, Xi Zheng, Huiyuan Ding, Yixuan Liu, Hongling Zhu
Figure 6 is the fourth part: Risk Assessment. Figure 6(a1) generally presents the current thrombolysis risk items that may occur in real-time, the probability of risk occurrence, the diagnostic basis of risk, and the AI-recommended prognostic measures (the presentation form and explanation method are consistent with the previous prototype group). In addition, the performance of the AI model is briefly described at the bottom of the interface. Figure 6(a2)–(a3) provides space for physicians to explore risk details. For example, the system predicts that the organ that is most susceptible to bleeding in the current patient is the skull by combining text and image explanations. The approximate bleeding point is close to the occipital bone. The risk index of 15% calculated by the AI-CDSS is mapped to the natural language of the clinical interval. For the risk items that the current patient does not have in Figure 6(a4), physicians who have relevant needs can also expand the details to learn about them.
Reverse reconstruction of motorcycle-car accident based on response surface model and NSGA-II algorithm
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2022
Qian Wang, Yunfeng Lou, Tong Li, Xianlong Jin, Lingshuang Kong, Xinyi Hou
The comparison between the experimental results and the simulation results is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the maximum contact stress in the hybrid model is about 7% larger than that in the experiment. However, the simulation result agrees well with the experimental data when the deflection of the head is less than 5 mm. As the deflection increases, the impact force increases more rapidly. After a certain amount of deflection, the head impact force gradually decreases, indicating that the ability to resist deformation declines. Moreover, different impact positions in the head impact simulation have been investigated based on Yogananda’s work. The impact positions include frontal, temporal, and occipital bone. The maximum impact force of the hybrid model test is 6.7, 5.8 and 6.1 KN respectively. The relative error in each impact case between the simulation and the experiment is under 5%. It shows that the maximum impact force in these cases is sufficient to cause fractures of the head. Therefore the head mode can be applied to the reconstruction of accidents in which the fracture of head of the victims is usually considered.
Effect of foam densification and impact velocity on the performance of a football helmet using computational modeling
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Samuel T. Mills, Trevor S. Young, Lillian S. Chatham, Sourav Poddar, R. Dana Carpenter, Christopher M. Yakacki
The location of the pads with respect to impactor location plays a role in the deformation of the pads. For example, the impactor is directly in line with a foam pad for side hits (Figures 4 and 5). As a result, the pad compresses near uniaxially. For the rear impact condition, the impact head is in line with the corners of four pads (Figure 3). As a result, the pads are compressed, but also move translationally and away from the impactor (Figure 5). The shape of the Hybrid III headform also appears to affect the results of the experiment. The location corresponding to the occipital bone in the human skull is missing in this headform, resulting in a noticeable change in deformation of padding in this area (Figures 3 and 5). It is worth noting that a similar behavior can be seen on the upper pads in the rear impact condition. The pad deformation decreases when approaching the top of the head, appearing to follow the curvature of the skull. This could indicate that, depending on the curvature of the occipital bone, the results may or may not have been affected by the missing skull anatomy. Something that was outside of the scope of this study, but may require further investigation is what would happen if padding arrangement or the addition of additional padding would have altered the results of this study. For instance, adding a fifth pad to the center of the existing padding in the rear of the helmet could have made a significant change in the acceleration of the headform.