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Design and production of vaccines against COVID-19 using established vaccine platforms
Published in Amine Kamen, Laura Cervera, Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines, 2023
Ryan Kligman, Jesús Lavado-García, Amine Kamen
There are several protein sub-units and VLP vaccines being developed against SARS-CoV-2, most of which target the S-protein. Several have already made it to Phase 3 trials and are approved for use. One example is the vaccine produced by Novavax known as NVX-CoV2373. The vaccine is composed of a recombinant trimeric, full-length S-protein in the pre-fusion conformation state. The vaccine is produced using an engineered baculovirus that contains the gene encoding the S-protein. Insect cells are infected with the baculovirus resulting in their expression of the S-protein trimers, which are subsequently extracted and purified. Polysorbate 80 is then added resulting in the formation of protein nanoparticles consisting of S-proteins held together with a polysorbate 80 micellar core [65]. The S-protein nanoparticles are co-delivered with a saponin-based Matrix-M1 adjuvant, which enhances the immune response [65,66]. Clinical trial data demonstrated efficacies of 96.4% and 86.3% against the wild-type virus and B.1.1.7 variant, respectively [67].
Nanotechnology Against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Human Coronavirus
Published in Swamini Chopra, Kavita Pande, Vincent Shantha Kumar, Jitendra A. Sharma, Novel Applications of Carbon Based Nano-Materials, 2023
Shabnam Sharmin, Md. Mizanur Rahaman, Olubunmi Atolani, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Subunit vaccine, another type of vaccine, is reported to have activity against SARS-CoV-2. An adjuvant is required to erect a potent immune response from this type of vaccine (Moyle and Toth 2013). Till now different research has been conducted on ‘the molecular clamp technology’, a synthetic polymerase to develop a subunit vaccine (Takashima et al. 2011). The University of Queensland’s potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was developed in collaboration with Viroclinics Xplore, a Netherlands-based company, that used molecular clamp technology which locks the spike protein into a shape that allows the immune system to recognize and then neutralizes the virus. NVX-CoV2373 vaccine established by Novavax Inc. involved a recombinant protein nanoparticle technology platform to generate antigens derived from the coronavirus spike protein (Nanotechnology Products Database 2020). A list of some nanoparticles-based vaccine candidates is indicated in Table 4.
Polymer-based nano-therapies to combat COVID-19 related respiratory injury: progress, prospects, and challenges
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
In the novel vaccine development for COVID-19, some studies have indicated that the viral S protein or receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain of S protein can be an excellent target for vaccine preparation in order to enhance the immunological response.[137] Different mRNA, DNA, and non-replicating adenovirus vector-based vaccines are under clinical trial to check their efficacy in COVID-19 treatment. The University of Oxford, in collaboration with AstraZeneca, developed a vaccine (AZD1222; formerly known as ChAdOX1) composed of a non-replicating adenovirus vector and able to replicate the S protein of SARS-CoV-2.[138] Some recently developed mRNA vaccine candidates are Moderna’s mRNA-1273 (NCT04405076), Arcturus Therapeutics’ LUNAR-COV19, BioNTech and Pfizer’s BNT162a1, b1, b2, and c2, Globe Biotech’s BANCOVID, and an CVnCoV developed by CureVac.[139–143] These mRNA vaccine candidates target the S protein (or a specific region of S protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 cell surface. On the other hand, vaccine candidates developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals (INO-4800), Genexine’s GX-19, and Zydus Cadila’s ZyCoV-D are some DNA vaccines targeting viral S protein.[144,145] Epivax is a cocktail vaccine made up of antigens (i.e. non-structural proteins and nucleoproteins) other than S protein to provide partial protection against the virus.[146] Gamaleya Research institute developed Gam-COVID-Vac, and CanSino Biologics developed Ad5-nCoV to fight against SARS-CoV-2.[147] Johnson & Johnson also developed a vaccine candidate (Ad26.COV2.S), a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 S protein.[148] Previously, this Ad26 vector was approved by the European Medicines Agency for the Respiratory syncytial virus, Zika virus, and Ebola virus.[148,149] Vaccine made of Ad26 vector is considered safe and highly immunogenic.[149] A couple of vaccine candidates developed by Sinopharm in collaboration with the Beijing Institute of Biological Products are currently in phase III clinical trial[146]. Some other protein-based vaccines, including COVAX-19 by Vaxine PTY Ltd. and NVX-CoV2373 by Novavax, are under clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy against COVID-19.[150] So far, vaccine candidates developed by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, CanSino, Sinopharm, Gamaleya, and Sinovac have been approved by health regulatory agencies throughout the world for early and emergency use.[151]