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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Pfizer, USA and BioNtech, Germany developed the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate BNT162b2 to administer intramuscularly in two doses three weeks (21 days) apart. This mRNA vaccine is delivered in a LNP to express a prefusion-stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein (88). A two-dose (30 μg per dose) regimen of BNT162b2 elicited high neutralizing titers and robust, antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 (89) and conferred 95% protection against COVID-19 from 7 days after the second dose in individuals 16 years of age or older (88). Based on these findings, on December 11, 2020, BNT162b2 received emergency use authorization from the FDA for COVID-19 prevention in persons 16 years of age or older. In the study of adolescents 12 to 15 years of age, BNT162b2 vaccine produced a greater immune response than in young adults, and observed vaccine efficacy against COVID-19 was 100% with an onset of 7 or more days after the second dose. Thus, based on these study outcomes, on May 10, 2021, the emergency use authorization was expanded to include persons 12 years of age or older (90).
Characteristics and outcomes from COVID-19 among Peruvian physicians: a nationwide register-based study
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Juan-Diego Mendoza-Saldaña, José Enrique Viton-Rubio, Susana Brissvany Guzman-Carrasco, Niels Victor Pacheco-Barrios, Carla Rebeca Lainez-Casal
In addition, the United States (US) reported 108 deaths among physicians up to October 7th, 2020, a value which represented 16% of expected physician deaths.6 Different from this reality, observed physician deaths from COVID-19 have been 308 deaths higher than expected in Peru. According to 2018 data from the World Bank,13 the US spends far more public and private money combined on health care than any other countries − 16.4% of the gross domestic product (GDP) compared to Peru at 5.24% of GDP. Therefore, American doctors may be in a better state of protection than Peruvian doctors. Indeed, US physicians received the COVID-19 vaccine 2 months earlier than Peruvian physicians (December 2020 vs. February 2021). Recent data show that COVID-19 vaccine had a favorable safety profile and was highly efficacious in preventing COVID-19 after 6 months of follow-up.14 In the health personal group, it has found an association between COVID-19 vaccination and a decreased risk of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections with SARS-CoV-2 as well as reductions in hospital admissions and mortality.15,16