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A Critical Study on Genetically Engineered Bioweapons and Computer-Based Techniques as Counter Measure
Published in P. Madhumathy, M. Vinoth Kumar, R. Umamaheswari, Machine Learning and IoT for Intelligent Systems and Smart Applications, 2021
Manvinder Sharma, Bikramjit Sharma, Anuj Kumar Gupta, Digvijay Pandey, Joginder Singh, Rahul Kakkar
MERS stands for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Saudi Arabia first identified this viral respiratory disease in 2012. The typical symptoms of MERS include pneumonia, shortness of breath, cough and fever. 35% of patients have died due to MERS virus from 2012 to till date. 2494 cases were reported by WHO since 2012 with 858 fatalities. Rather than transmitting from human to human, this virus is zoonotic which means the transmission is between human and animals. According to studies, the transmission to the humans is through infected camels [12]. 27 countries have been affected from MERS virus since 2012 including China, France, Bahrain, Egypt, Malaysia, Germany, etc. In Saudi Arabia, 80% of human cases were reported. Most of the outbreaks of MERS virus have occurred in the Middle-East. The vaccines for MERS virus are not currently available and are still under development [13].
Introduction to Coronaviruses and COVID-19
Published in Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra, COVID-19 and Emerging Environmental Trends, 2020
Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra
SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family of coronaviruses specifically similar to the SARS virus. The SARS virus, also a coronavirus, appeared in 2002 and is known to cause severe acute respiratory syndrome. Researchers reported that the SARS virus used bats as their host; from the bats, the virus mutated in such a way that it gained the ability to infect another host (intermediate host). In general, coronaviruses are benign and do not significantly affect humans. But if this virus mutates enough inside primary and intermediate hosts (animal reservoir), they might gain the ability to cause severe diseases in humans. Severe acute respiratory syndrome is an example of this kind of incident. In 2012, another member of the coronavirus family, named as MERS virus, caused Middle East respiratory syndrome in humans. This time the MERS virus mutated from bats and jumped to camels (intermediate host). The virus acquired further mutations inside camels and got transmitted to humans. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, gained mutation inside bats (primary host) and then jumped to an intermediate host (actual source of the intermediate host is still under investigation); it further mutated and gained the ability to infect human beings, causing COVID-19 (WHO, 2020e).
COVID-19 ramifications during pregnancy
Published in Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Intelligent Circuits and Systems, 2021
Rydhm Beri, Mithilesh Kr. Dubey, Anita Gehlot, Rajesh Singh
The coronavirus is a danger disease and may ranges from mild cold to severe health conditions. Coronavirus for human beings is a subgrouping into two major groups. Some of them are further categorized into sub-groups which affect human health in various ways and have different symptoms and health issues as shown in Figure 88.1.SARS CoV: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS CoV), first found in 2002 at Southern China. SARS CoV is considered an animal virus but in 2002 the first human was found infected with SARS CoV. During that period the virus spread across 26 countries and 8000 got infected. This virus transmits from animal to humans. The symptoms include malaise, headache, diarrhoea, fever and shivering, and breath shortness is found in the second week of illness [20]. To reduce transmission of virus it was advisable to reduce travelling and critical care was provided to patients. There is a severe category of SARS termed as COVID-19. This study focus on describing COVID-19 properties and its effects on pregnancy.MERS CoV: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS CoV) was first identified in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. According to the report of the WHO [19], 35% of patients suffering from MERS died. The typical symptoms of MERS include, cough, fever, breath shortness and diarrhoea and it transmits from person to personby close contact and animal to person. People with diabetes, kidney disease, lung disease and low immunity are more vulnerable to MERS CoV infection. The social distancing was found to be useful for the person to stop virus spread to other persons.
COVID-19: a pandemic challenging healthcare systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander
The symptoms of a MERS-CoV infection may be mild, asymptomatic, or severe, leading to a fatal course of the virus. Like MERS-CoV, COVID-19 also presents with either asymptomatic, mild, or severe infections which can lead to death. Although most providers, researchers, and public health officials do not regard MERS-CoV as a possible pandemic threat, an outbreak occurred in South Korea which revealed the viral infection in second and third generation contacts via contact tracing, leading public health officials to fear that multiple mutations of MERS-CoV may lead to increased human-to-human transmission (Yong et al., 2019).