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Electrospun Bio Nanofibers for COVID-19 Solutions
Published in K.M. Praveen, Rony Thomas Murickan, Jobin Joy, Hanna J. Maria, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications, 2023
Akhila Raman, A.S. Sethulekshmi, Appukuttan Saritha
COVID-19 disease is due to a new variety of coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) [5]. Coronavirus can induce fever, respiratory failure and even death. COVID-19 has had a huge adverse impact on society and economy. In this pandemic situation, the research regarding the progress of suitable protection methods and solutions as productive and ideal modes of drug delivery, especially for the respiratory problems of COVID-19 affected patients via biodegradable electrospun polymer fibers, are topics of great interest [6]. There is also a high necessity for suitable antibacterial and antiviral fabric materials to reduce the risk from infection. In this chapter, we are discussing various bio-based nanofibers that have the potential to fight against COVID-19.
Reliable Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19
Published in Varun Bajaj, G.R. Sinha, Computer-aided Design and Diagnosis Methods for Biomedical Applications, 2021
Marjan Mansourian, Hamid Reza Marateb, Maja von Cube, Sadaf Khademi, Mislav Jordanic, Miguel Ángel Mañanas, Harald Binder, Martin Wolkewitz
Either molecular tests (viral RNA) or serological tests (anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins) are used for COVID-19 diagnosis. The former includes the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a reference standard for COVID-19 diagnosis [15]. However, false-positive results occur when using the RT-PCR test [16,17]. Moreover, the results may change over time during the disease period [18], and the test material is not entirely available globally [19]. Serological tests are alternatives to the RT-PCR tests that are often cheaper and more accessible at the point of care. Their testing includes chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs), lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) [15,20]. According to the systematic review and meta-analysis performed by Lisboa Bastos et al. [15], the pooled sensitivity of CLIA, ELISA, and LFIA methods were 98%, 84%, and 66%, while their specificity was higher than or equal to 97%. Serologically based antibody tests are, thus, additions to molecularly based tests [21]. The human antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is shown in Figure 14.3. Plasma cells produce their SARS-CoV-2-specific receptors (IgM, IgG, or IgA antibodies) in the fifth stage that could be detected by serological tests [21].
Existing Methods and Emerging Trends for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Detection Using Residual Network (ResNet): A Review on Deep Learning Analysis
Published in Meenu Gupta, Gopal Chaudhary, Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G, 2021
Upasana Bhattacharjya, Kandarpa Kumar Sarma
The novel coronavirus infection, commonly known as COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a prevalent disease worldwide, leading to a severe global crisis across the world. It is an infectious disease that originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and eventually turned into a pandemic by March 2020 as per World Health Organization (WHO) declaration [1]. With a statistic of more than 118 million positive subjects, and more than 2.62 million deaths, as of March 12, 2021, COVID-19 has marked itself as one of the deadliest pandemics in history across the globe [1–3].
DeepCOVID-19: A model for identification of COVID-19 virus sequences with genomic signal processing and deep learning
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Emmanuel Adetiba, Joshua A. Abolarinwa, Anthony A. Adegoke, Tunmike B. Taiwo, Oluwaseun T. Ajayi, Abdultaofeek Abayomi, Joy N. Adetiba, Joke A. Badejo
Coronaviruses (CoV) are among the aetiological agents of human diseases (Chen et al., 2020). The critically important group called the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus (Boheemen et al., 2012). SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Epidemics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in China in 2002–2003 led to about 10% mortality from 8,000 cases. In addition, there was the endemic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in the Arabian Peninsula for around 8 years (Cheng et al., 2007; Chan et al., 2013). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA virus. The RNA genome is linked to a nucleoprotein inside a capsid containing matrix protein. Structurally, they are either spherical or pleomorphic with glycoprotein projection in its envelope. (Haan et al., 1998) remarked that some Coronaviruses bear Hemagglutinin-Esterase (HE) protein.
Covid-19 diagnosis by WE-SAJ
Published in Systems Science & Control Engineering, 2022
Wei Wang, Xin Zhang, Shui-Hua Wang, Yu-Dong Zhang
Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Since the first cases appeared in 2019, Covid-19 has spread to most countries and territories worldwide (Hotez et al., 2021). Although there are several effective vaccines against the disease, they have not been able to definitively stop the spread of Covid-19 due to its high variability. Depending on the severity of the disease, patients with Covid-19 may suffer from mild respiratory symptoms such as cough and fever, severe pneumonia, multi-organ failure, or even death (Struyf et al., 2020). As the global pandemic progresses, the number of severe cases and deaths from Covid-19 continues to rise, a significant blow to human life and the global economy. Scholars in various fields have become highly concerned about the potentially severe consequences of Covid-19 and have maintained a constant interest in possible solutions to Covid-19. An important issue that continues to be addressed is the lack of medical resources due to the rapid increase in patients. The current standard method of Covid-19 detection is Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT_PCR) (Fang et al., 2020), which has the disadvantage of a high proportion of false negatives and often requires multiple tests to produce reliable results so that the process is highly time-consuming. Diagnostic methods using CT and X-Ray images of the chest also have the advantage of assessing the extent of a patient's disease (Fang et al., 2020). However, this method requires a large number of medical experts to do the diagnosis task.
Evaluation of the efficiency of chemical cartridges for respiratory protection against SARS-CoV-2
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants has had catastrophic impacts on public health and the world economy (Duff et al., 2021; Ibn-Mohammeda et al., 2021). The rapid spread of the disease on several continents shows that respiratory protection measures, such as the use of N95 respirators or equivalent (PFF2, KN95, FFP2, P2, Korea 1st Class and DS), is essential to reduce and control the number of cases (Howard et al., 2021). The great demand for this product has generated an unprecedented worldwide shortage (Kirubarajan et al., 2020). To make up for the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), alternative measures were adopted, such as the use of surgical masks, handmade masks, the reuse of respirators for long periods and even the development of research aimed at decontaminating for PPE, however, demand remains greater than supply (Cai & Floyd, 2020; Fischer et al., 2020; Morais et al., 2021).