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Nanobiotechnology toward the Next Generation Antimicrobial Materials
Published in Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari, Dhanesh Tiwary, Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials, 2023
Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari, Dhanesh Tiwary
Potential applications of the polymer nanocomposites arising from different chemistries, their compositions and constructions, together with the interaction between the chosen matrix and the filler holds critical importance, as a biomaterial. The existing polymers preferably used in the biomedical arena [89] include the aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(caprolactone) (PCL), polylactide (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO), poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, etc., and natural biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, chitin, chitosan, proteins, lignin, etc. The nanosized fillers utilized to fabricate the nanocomposites are inorganic, organic and metal nanoparticles, such as clay, magnetite, hydroxyapatite, nanotubes, chitin whiskers, lignin, cellulose, Cu, Zn, Au, Ag, etc. [90]. Though nanocomposite materials are taking roots in a variety of diverse health-care applications as biomaterials, there are knocking key research challenges in the development of self-sterilizing polymer nanocomposite materials for potent application in this area. Despite sterilization and aseptic procedures, microbial colonization causing nosocomial infection remains a serious complication in surgery and a setback in the utility of biomaterials like sensors, prostheses and implants.
Life-Threatening and Fatal Therapeutic Misadventures
Published in Marilyn Sue Bogner, Human Error in Medicine, 2018
Nosocomial diseases are diseases that develop during the hospitalization of patients. Those diseases most often result from exposure of patients, particularly those susceptible to infections, to an injurious agent more likely to be found in an institutional medical care environment.
Surveillance of bacterial load and multi-drug resistant bacteria on bedsheets in a primary health care unit
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Swati Varshney, Shilpi Sharma, Deepti Gupta
Besides temperature and relative humidity, the indoor air quality, patients’ microflora and other factors might also affect the bacterial community on various hard and soft surfaces in the hospitals. Bacterial diversity surveyed in a hospital revealed that the bacterial community present on the bed rails strongly resembled the bacterial community on the patient’s skin (Lax et al. 2017). The bacterial diversity in the indoor environment of a healthcare facility was studied and compared with the microbiome of the outdoor environment (Kembel et al. 2012). The bacterial abundance in the indoor environment was observed to be closely related to the human pathogens that are either rare or absent in the bacterial community of the outdoor environment. The ventilation system in a healthcare setting is also known to contribute to the transmission of microbes (Mousavi et al. 2019; Onmek et al. 2020). Nosocomial infection may spread among healthcare staff and patients due to poor indoor air quality (Onmek et al. 2020). Our study was performed in a primary healthcare setting where only acute patients were admitted. Chronic patients were referred to the tertiary healthcare center.
Cr–Ag coatings: synthesis, microstructure and antimicrobial properties
Published in Surface Engineering, 2019
Afshin Karami, Hu Zhang, Victoria G. Pederick, Christopher A. McDevitt, Mohammad Sharear Kabir, Song Xu, Paul Munroe, Zhifeng Zhou, Zonghan Xie
Nosocomial bacterial infections are a significant reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Estimated 4,131,000 individuals within Europe acquire nosocomial infection each year [1]. Together these infections result in 147,000 deaths, either directly or indirectly [2]. The rates of nosocomial infections are also increasing due to the development of bacterial strains which are resistant to available antibiotics. Within hospitals, bacteria are capable of surviving on a range of surfaces thereby facilitating transmission. This is despite the widespread utilisation of terminal cleaning following discharge of patients. Nosocomial infections commonly arise from bacteria present on surfaces such as beds, doorknobs, surgical equipment and medical implants. Many of these are made of stainless steel (SS) due to its good corrosion resistance and high hardness, as well as low cost and ease of cleaning. However, SS is not antimicrobial [3]. Bacteria antiadhesive surfaces [4,5,6], intrinsically antimicrobial biomaterials [7,8], bioactive antimicrobial coatings [9,10,11,12,13,14], nanostructured biomaterials [15,16] and bioactive molecules [17,18,19] all form the current surface antimicrobial arsenal. However, these surfaces are generally polymer-based, mechanically weak and susceptible to heat and environmental damage and so they are not suitable for biomedical applications. Therefore, development of an antimicrobial coating which maintains the advantageous mechanical properties of a material such as SS would be highly beneficial in preventing the transmission of bacterial infections within healthcare settings.
Metabarcoding approach to identify bacterial community profiling related to nosocomial infection and bacterial trafficking-routes in hospital environments
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Bárbara Gimenes de Castro, Bruno Mari Fredi, Rafael dos Santos Bezerra, Queren Apuque Alcantara, Carlos Eduardo Milani Neme, Daniele Enriquetto Mascarelli, Aline Seiko Carvalho Tahyra, Douglas dos-Santos, Camilla Rizzo Nappi, Fernanda Santos de Oliveira, Flavia Pereira Freire, Giulia Ballestero, Julia Beatriz Menuci Lima, Juliana de Andrade Bolsoni, Juliana Lourenço Gebenlian, Naira Lopes Bibo, Nathália Soares Silva, Nilton de Carvalho Santos, Victoria Simionatto Zucherato, Kamila Chagas Peronni, Daniel Guariz Pinheiro, Emmanuel Dias-Neto, Gilberto Gambero Gaspar, Valdes Roberto Bollela, Vanessa da Silva Silveira, Aparecida Maria Fontes, Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi, Svetoslav Nanev Slavov, João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez, Fernando Barbosa, Wilson Araújo Silva
Health-acquired conditions (HACs) are medical complications that a patient may develop during a hospital stay, which were not present upon hospital admission. One subdivision of the HAC is healthcare-associated infections, also known as nosocomial infections (NIs). These conditions are primarily initiated by infectious agents present in the hospital environment. Nosocomial infections may significantly influence the outcome, effectiveness, and cost of treatment, as these require expensive pharmaceutical products due to frequent bacterial resistance to antibiotics (Brooks, Butel, and Morse 2001; Chakrabarti and Singh 2020; Lobdell, Stamou, and Sanchez 2012; Lupo, Haenni, and Madec 0000). NIs are not a new phenomenon, and most microorganisms in the hospital environment are derived from humans (Gallo et al. 2016; Saran et al. 2021). Fleischer et al. (2006) found that microorganisms from the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and skin were detected predominantly on chairs. Golob and Kreiner (2019) noted that renovating or building an ICU requires standards of practice ranging from selecting furniture and computer keyboards to identifying the location of soiled utility rooms to minimize the occurrence of NIs. Passarelli-Araujo et al. (2023) reported that parameters such as older age, male gender, ICU, severe comorbidity score and invasive ventilation increased the risk for in-hospital mortality associated with infections. Species from the outdoors were predominantly detected on floors and walls, likely brought in on shoes and introduced through the ventilation systems (Beggs et al. 2015; Lu et al. 2021; Monteiro et al. 2021; Stockwell et al. 2019).