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Innovative Nanobiosensors for Infectious Disease Diagnosis
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Amitesh Anand, Deependra Kumar Ban
The rapid development of several portable diagnostic methods for the current SARS COV2 pandemic relies on the past continuous progress in nanotechnology and parallel advancement in the development of nanosensors. Gold nanoparticle size and distance-dependent surface energy transfer (SET) property were utilized to recognize highly contagious hepatitis C (HCV) RNA at 300 fM concentration (Griffin et al. 2009). A different strain of influenza infects millions of people every year. Norovirus is highly contagious and causes vomiting and diarrhea. Gold/magnetic nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotube-based sensor was developed to detect ~ 8 pM of H1N1 and Norovirus (Lee et al. 2018). Gold nanoparticle film on the different substrate was used to detect Caledonia/H1N1/1999 influenza virus in the limit of detection (LOD) of 50.5 pg/ml, while LOD for H3N2 detection was 24.3 PFU/ml, which is 100 times lower than traditional ELISA and sensitivity is greater than 500 times of immunochromatography (Ahmed et al. 2017).
Animal Connection Challenges
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Viruses spread in many ways. Plant viruses are often spread from plant to plant by insects and other organisms, known as vectors (a person, animal or microorganism that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism). Some viruses of animals, including humans, are spread by exposure to infected bodily fluids. Viruses such as influenza are spread through the air by droplets of moisture when people cough or sneeze. Viruses such as norovirus are transmitted by the fecal–oral route, which involves the contamination of hands, food and water. Rotavirus is often spread by direct contact with infected children. HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus, is transmitted by bodily fluids transferred during sexual relations. Others, such as the Dengue virus, are spread by blood-sucking insects.
Special Topics
Published in Joseph Cotruvo, Drinking Water Quality and Contaminants Guidebook, 2019
Salmonella bacteria are widespread in animals and can spread to humans from foods of animal origin. Salmonellosis symptoms include fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Norovirus causes gastrointestinal illness with vomiting and usually resolves within 3 days. Infections are readily transmitted by human contact, and food contamination by food service workers is not uncommon. Campylobacter is the most commonly identified worldwide cause of diarrheal illness. It is common in poultry and other animals and spread, for example, by the ingestion of undercooked chicken. C. perfringens is widespread in the environment, can be present on raw meat and produces a toxin that causes illness. In addition to direct infections, several pathogens, such as S. aureus and Clostridium botulinum, produce toxins that survive after the infection. The CDC estimates that up to 60 million people in the United States may be infected with T. gondii without symptoms because healthy immune systems can suppress it. Handling contaminated animal products and even exposure to cat feces can be a risk, especially to pregnant women.
Impact of Levy noise on a stochastic Norovirus epidemic model with information intervention
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ting Cui, Anwarud Din, Peijiang Liu, Amir Khan
The dry atmosphere along with some coolness in the air, individuals immunities and viral development are tested as the sources of NoV spreading. Norovirus may live strongly in winter with over half of infections occurring in the winter days (Ahmed et al. 2013; Din and Li 2021). Noroviruses lies winter time or seasonal in temperature weather same to several other respiration and gastro-small viruses. But, Norovirus infection disease is definitely not regular. Opposite of Rotavirus, the Norovirus highest value often transfer by calendar weeks or years between different weathers (Rohayem 2009; Marshall and Bruggink 2011). Humans having different ages can be infectious and sick with Norovirus (Carmona-Vicente et al. 2015). One may infected from Norovirus illness again and again in life cycle due to several various kinds of Noroviruses (Gaythorpe et al. 2018). Infection with one kind of Norovirus may not safe you against other kinds (Khan et al. 2021). It is not impossible to make strong immunity to (safeness against) proper kinds. However, it is not found, how long immunities remains (Khan et al. 2018). It shows why several humans having different ages take said infection during Norovirus outbreaks (Hall et al. 2013). Also, if you are Susceptible to Norovirus Infection or not, it also determined in parts by your genes (Murata et al. 2007; Lai et al. 2013).
Environmental sampling for disease surveillance: Recent advances and recommendations for best practice
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Joshua L. Santarpia, Elizabeth Klug, Ashley Ravnholdt, Sean M. Kinahan
Sampling around hospitalized patients is often done to understand modes of disease transmission and risks that might be posed to staff and other patients during care. Hospitals provide natural environments to conduct these studies, since individuals infected with most pathogens of concern will require intense medical care. Especially if the pathogen is newly emergent or poorly studied, an integrated approach to these initial sampling efforts should be undertaken. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light misconceptions around the transmission of infectious disease by the airborne route (Morawska and Milton 2020). Norovirus has been found in aerosols and has been demonstrated to replicate in salivary glands (Bonifait et al. 2015; Ghosh et al. 2022), indicating that despite the belief that fecal-oral is the only means of transmission, airborne droplets produced in the oral cavity may also have a role in transmission, and the observed surface contamination may also be from those droplets (Alsved et al. 2020). Aerosol producing medical procedures, necessary for the care of critically ill patients, may also produce hazards from bloodborne disease that would warrant enhanced infection control procedures. Even if the disease is thought to have a bloodborne or fecal-oral transmission route, environmental samples, including air and surface should be taken around the patient.
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
The most important pathogenic viruses shed in human feces belong to Group I (adenovirus), III (rotavirus), and IV (norovirus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus [HAV] and hepatitis E virus [HEV]; Jones & Martin, 2003). Most available information pertains to enteroviruses (Sidhu & Toze, 2009), with concentrations of 5,000 to 28,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) reported in sewage (Guzman et al., 2007; Pepper et al., 2010). Enteroviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family which also includes important animal viruses, such as the foot-and-mouth-disease virus. These viruses are more resistant than bacteria and parasites for short heat exposure but less resistant to prolonged heat exposure. For example, HAV may survive biosolids and wastewater treatment processes and survive exposure to 70 °C for 10 min (Guardabassi et al., 2003). Norovirus, another virus of the group IV, is the most common cause of gastro-intestinal disease in humans. Limited information is available on the presence and fate of norovirus in biosolids (Sidhu & Toze, 2009).