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Port health
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
As with all types of gastroenteritis, good hygiene practices, both personal and food handling, together with safe food sources and drinking water integrity, are the key issues in the prevention of outbreaks. These issues are however more of a challenge on ships where bunkered water may be contaminated, potable water may become contaminated with sewage, use of sea or river water in galleys, use of unsafe food supplies and the use of poorly trained crew.
Sewage Management: Sources, Effects, and Treatment Technologies
Published in Krishna Kumar, Gaurav Saini, Duc Manh Nguyen, Narendra Kumar, Rachna Shah, Smart Cities, 2022
Many that are subjected to untreated waste damage will suffer serious consequences. The EPA estimates that 7 million people are sickened per year as a result of exposure to raw sewage. Only 7% of the 7 million people became seriously or critically sick. Though untreated sewage could be present in water and causes certain illnesses, the majority of cases are triggered by sewage or polluted water exposure contamination. Gastroenteritis can be caused by a number of viruses, including rotavirus, norovirus, and Norwalk virus. Gastroenteritis does not cause the same body and headaches as typical influenza. Diarrhea, stomach pain, soreness, coughing, and vomiting are all symptoms of gastroenteritis. Due to flood destruction, Hepatitis A can be present in raw sewage. Adults are more likely than infants to develop symptoms, such as jaundice, vomiting, stomach pain, lack of energy, fatigue, diarrhea, and flu. E. coli seems to be a more common bacterium attributed to sewage contamination, and it can lead to the fatal hemorrhagic systemic corticosteroids, which can lead to brain damage or even death if not treated properly. Nausea, fatigue, stomach pain, and flu are some symptoms of E. coli infection.
Animal and Plant Toxins
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Jason S. Albertson, Frederick W. Oehme
Serious intoxications are produced by plants containing toxalbumins, such as the rosary pea (Abrus precatorius) and the castor bean (Riccinus communis). Following chewing and ingestion of the seeds of these plants, a considerable delay may ensue before onset of signs. This delay is dependent on the quantity of material swallowed. The delay in symptoms may be as short as 1 to 2 h or as long as 1 d. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis commonly results in signs of nausea, emesis, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea (Table 10.2).
Comparison of enzyme immunoassay, latex agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for diagnosis of rotavirus in children
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Safaa Mohamad El-Ageery, Rabab Ali, Noha Tharwat Abou El-Khier, Shirien Amin Rakha, Mayada Sabry Zeid
Many sensitive and fast molecular techniques have been used for detection of viral agents causing gastroenteritis and screening of stool samples to give an indication of the true occurrence of the causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in the pediatric patients [10]. Virus genotyping and RNA migration patterns could be determined by means of molecular methods like reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), respectively [11]. However, antigen detection, using EIA or LA, with more than 90% specificity and sensitivity is frequently used for laboratory diagnosis of rotavirus infection [8] .