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Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnostics
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Jim Ballinger, Jacek Koziorowski
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) arise from the neuroendocrine system and include gastrointestinal, lung, and pancreatic NETs. NETs overexpress the somatostatin receptor, which can be imaged with tracers that are ligands for the receptor, including 111In-pentetreotide (DTPA-octreotide, Octreoscan) and 99mTc-hynic-TOC (EDDA/hynic-Tyr3-octreotide, Tektrotyd). Planar and/or SPECT/CT images are acquired at 24 h with 111In and at 1-2 and 4 h with 99mTc [38, 39]. Analogues of pentetreotide coupled to beta-emitting radionuclides are used for therapy of NETs, most notably 177Lu-DOTATATE (DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate, Lutathera) [40]. Diagnostic scans are important for selection of patients for therapy and for monitoring response to therapy. In particular, 68Ga-DOTATATE (DOTA-Tyr3-octreotate, NETSPOT) is becoming widely used. 68Ga (t½ 68 min) is obtained on-site from a generator loaded with 68Ge (t½ 271 days). 68Ga-DOTATATE was originally prepared with an automated synthesis device followed by purification but now a ‘kit’ formulation is available that requires only heating in a vial with no further purification.
Biological Correlates of Microwave
Published in Jitendra Behari, Radio Frequency and Microwave Effects on Biological Tissues, 2019
At all levels of mammalian biological organization when subjected to an environmental impact elicits a complex array of nervous, endocrine, neurohumoral, and motor reaction to adjust body fluid balance, energy metabolism, and behavior to the needs, thus reprogramming itself to ensure its survival in an altered environment. The neuroendocrine system, a complex of hormone-secreting glands, and the central nervous system function as a chemical regulatory system in mammals to control and regulate metabolism and growth and to protect the body from endogenous and exogenous impacts.
The relation between psychosocial working conditions and work-related musculoskeletal complaints
Published in Richard Graveling, Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace, 2018
Leif W. Rydstedt, J. Paul Weston
The two major psycho-neuroendocrine systems that constitute the main components of the physiological stress response are the sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) system, regulating the secretion of catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis system, controlling cortisol secretion (Kristenson et al., 2004).
The effect of transport infrastructure, congestion and reliability on mental wellbeing: a systematic review of empirical studies
Published in Transport Reviews, 2023
Marta Aranha Conceição, Mayara Moraes Monteiro, Dena Kasraian, Pauline van den Berg, Sonja Haustein, Inês Alves, Carlos Lima Azevedo, Bruno Miranda
The stress response triggers a variety of cognitive, emotional, and biological processes that alter the body’s physical state either directly (and automatically) through the autonomic nervous system (ANS) or neuroendocrine pathways; or as a consequence of the enacting behaviour (Ulrich-Lai & Herman, 2009). Most studies used the physiological measures to evaluate the impact of congestion/delay (largely on driving simulators), and fewer for transport infrastructure or reliability (Appendix 4 provides detailed information on used measures).