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Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
There is growing evidence that neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia are likely the result of genetic and environmental factors that come together in early life to produce neurological and mental dysfunction. Early-life Pb2+ exposure has been implicated as an environmental risk factor for mental disease.348,349 However, although a great deal of work has examined the genetics of behavior and brain chemistry changes in subjects with mental disease and in animal models of mental disorders, there is a lack of knowledge in understanding mechanisms by which environmental factors have negative impact on brain development and neurological function. Among environmental pollutants, lead (Pb2+) is a known neurotoxicant that has been recognized as a major public health problem, not only in the United States350–352 but also on a global scale.353–356 Childhood Pb2+ exposure has toxic effects on the brain manifested as impaired cognitive function,357,358 intellectual capacity,359,360 and end-of-grade performance351 even at exposure levels below the current Centers for Disease Control level of concern.357–359,361,362 The molecular mechanisms(s) by which Pb2+ exposure produces these changes are now beginning to emerge, and Stansfield et al.347 are developing a working model that takes into consideration previously published observations and the most recent understanding on the effects of Pb2+ on both presynaptic and postsynaptic aspects of developing synapses.352,363
Mobile and Home Electroencephalography in the Usual Environment of Children
Published in Ricardo A. Ramirez-Mendoza, Jorge de J. Lozoya-Santos, Ricardo Zavala-Yoé, Luz María Alonso-Valerdi, Ruben Morales-Menendez, Belinda Carrión, Pedro Ponce Cruz, Hugo G. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Biometry, 2022
Belinda Carrion, Luis Felipe Herrera Padilla
Neurodevelopmental disorders encompass a group of heterogeneous conditions that are defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition as sharing the base characteristic of a delay in the development of one or more executive functions such as learning, social skills or intelligence. Conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and language disorders are part of the group of neurodevelopmental disorders. These disorders frequently co-exist and have common clinical features such as learning, social and communication disabilities (DSM-V, APA 2013).
Therapeutic positioning to address neuromuscular scoliosis on an adolescent child with Aicardi syndrome: a case study
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Tamara Kittelson, Nicholas C. Coombs
Neurodevelopmental disorder (ND) is an umbrella term that describes a wide range of conditions typically diagnosed during infancy or childhood and caused by atypical nervous system development (Gergev et al., 2015; Shevell, 2010). NDs affect brain function and increase risk of motor, seizure, sensory, intellectual and/or behavioral function impairments. Multiple or complex neuromotor disabilities are additional terms used in the literature and in educational and therapeutic settings to describe individuals with an ND who frequently develop secondary complications that require long-term care and management.
Neurotoxicity of pesticides in the context of CNS chronic diseases
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Intellectual disability describes as a limitation in intellectual and adaptive functioning. This neurodevelopmental disorder arises during developmental periods involving prenatal, childhood, and early adolescence. Herein, 11 studies including 9 cohort, a case-control, and a cross-sectional analysis have shown an association of pesticide exposure with deficits in intelligence test scores of children (Table 2). Three prospective cohort studies have linked umbilical blood sample levels of chlorpyrifos, chlordecone, and PCB4 with a reduction in the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) test, the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) score, and processing speed of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) (Rauh et al. 2011; Dallaire et al. 2012; Sagiv et al. 2012). Similarly, two other cohort studies found an association between urine levels of DAP, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cis-DBCA) with a reduction in the FSIQ, working memory and verbal comprehension of the Wechsler intelligence scale, significantly (Bouchard et al. 2011; Viel et al. 2015). Investigation of the relationship between prenatal serum concentration of DDE and DDT and children’s cognition at ages 7 and 10.5 was performed in a retrospective cohort study using the FSIQ and the WISC. The results have shown a significant association between processing speed and prenatal exposure to DDT at the age of 7 and also prenatal levels of DDE were associated with FSIQ and Processing Speed only in 7-year-old girls (Gaspar et al. 2015). The intellectual deficit due to prenatal and postnatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use have been evaluated in two separate cohort studies. The results revealed that prenatal exposure to pesticide and postnatal exposure to chloropicrin caused a reduction of, respectively, 3 and 2.4 points in the FSIQ (Rowe et al. 2016; Gunier et al. 2017). A case–control study conducted by Lyall and colleagues linked prenatal blood levels of PCB 138/158 to intellectual disability on the basis of DSM-IV criteria by OR of 2.4 (Lyall et al. 2017). In this regard, a cross-sectional study also associated urine levels of 3-PBA to a reduction in Chinese Binet test and Arithmetic test scores, significantly (Wang et al. 2016).