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Microfluidics in Neuroscience
Published in Tuhin S. Santra, Microfluidics and Bio-MEMS, 2020
Pallavi Gupta, Nandhini Balasubramaniam, Kiran Kaladharan, Fan-Gang Tseng, Moeto Nagai, Hwan-You Chang, Tuhin S. Santra
Human brain development is a complex process—a controlled environment hosting interactions among intracellular signaling, secreted signaling molecules, and cell surface receptors [109]. The modern neurobiological methods have provided overwhelming evidence for brain development and factors affecting it—the interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. To achieve complete insight into the signals shaping the developing brain, cultures would require to include several cell types in three dimensions. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of mixed populations of neurons, glia, microglia, and endothelial cells interacting mutually. Topographical neural structures can simply be achieved by re-creating the brain microenvironment. But this needs a detailed study of the critical environmental cues. To construct organized 3D cultures, the culturing medium ought to have the material properties, design and fabrication, and imaging processes to be optimized for the cell type. Rat hippocampal neurons prefer PDMS microchannels over glass substrates, and neurites have a strong affinity for topographic cues (walls meeting at right angles) [96]. Given the condition of competitive substrate cues, the hippocampal neurons prefer physical contact guidance cues over chemical ligands. Therefore, cellular tension and chemical substrate cues must access different competitive signaling pathways [110].
Physical Development
Published in Krystina Castella, Designing for Kids, 2018
Kids are experts at growing; it’s what they do naturally. Physical growth refers to an increase in body size (length or height and weight) and in the size of organs. Infants and young children experience rapid brain development in the first few years. Children develop at varied rates. Designers consider children’s different patterns of growth at different ages and use sources on ergonomics to make design decisions. We also consider strength and endurance to make sure they have obtained the ability to perform specific tasks intended in our designs.
Neurotoxicants
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Laboratory experimental studies suggest that many currently used pesticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, and chlorophenoxy herbicides can cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Adverse effects on brain development can be severe and irreversible.[4]
Relations of maternal health literacy and parenting practices with early childhood development: a cross-sectional study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Ayse Oflu, Sıddika Songul Yalçın
Early childhood development (ECD) is defined as “a maturing and interactive process that ensures the regular progression of motor, cognitive, language, social-emotional and regulatory skills and capacities during the first few years of life”. Optimal brain development requires a stimulating environment, adequate nutrition, and social interactions provided by responsive caregivers (UNICEF 2017). Lack of early learning opportunities and lack of appropriate caregiver–child interactions lead to loss of developmental potential. Mothers, especially with early parenting practices (EPP), support the well-being and development of their children (Breiner et al. 2016). EPP include behavioral traditions or rituals of care that promote or compromise the growth and development, health, safety, well-being, and socialization of children in the context of the home environment (Kolobe 2004; Walker and Kirby 2010; Çiçek and Yalçin 2022; Sarı et al. 2023; Yalçın et al. 2022).
Fetal brain extraction from magnetic resonance image (MRI) of human fetus
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2018
K. Somasundaram, S. P. Gayathri, R. Rajeswaran, Dighe Manjiri
Fetal brain development starts after conception, from the gestational week (GW) 1 and continues up to the 40th week. However, the anatomical structure of the developing brain varies in size and shape [1]. The study on the anatomical characteristics at different GW does not only increase the understanding of the brain developing process, but also helps to detect the abnormalities in the brain as well [2–5]. While the fetal brain changes rapidly, especially during early life, a prenatal screening method is necessary to visualize any fetal and extra fetal structure [6]. Ultrasonography (US) and MRI play a vital role in fetal imaging to interpret normal and abnormal appearances of fetal structures, especially for the fetal brain. Though, US is the popular screening modality [7] for fetal imaging, in vivo fetal brain MRI is becoming a gold standard tool for studying the fetal brain development due to higher contrast resolution than the prenatal US. Fetal movements will depend on gestational age and the space available and they are well apparent in MRI. But the development of fast MRI sequences significantly decreased fetal motion artefacts. In general, images were acquired in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes relative to the head and trunk of the fetus for interpretation. The transverse images of the fetal brain were used for placing the region of interest cursors (ROI) and obtaining signal intensity measurements.
Exploring Dietary Behavior in At-Risk Youth Participating in an After-school Agricultural Program
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2020
Diana Cuy Castellanos, Jeanne Holcomb, Felix Fernando, Kellie Schneider, Deborah McCullough
Toxic stress in children is defined as a child’s prolonged exposure to adversity. Such stress may lead to risky lifestyle behaviors and poor mental and physical health, and is shown to stunt brain development.1 Areas of the brain that are most likely to be impacted include areas related to learning, judgment, emotions, and impulsivity. However, not all children who experience adverse events develop the negative outcomes associated with toxic stress, and protective factors can counterbalance adverse experiences and foster the development of resilience.2-3